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TERRORISM (NON-STATE TERRORISM (ASYMMETRIC CONFLICT (Aysmmetric warfare is…
TERRORISM
NON-STATE TERRORISM
CAUSES
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Alternative government: has a legitimate claim or thinks they have a legitimate claim to become government, can also be seen as a secessionist groups
Secession: if they are attacking forces of the government/ military then it is intrastate armed conflict, however, if they attack civilians then it is terrorism
Single Issue: take some sort of debate and take one slide of it very seriously, evolve around animal welfare, abortion and environmentalism
ASYMMETRIC CONFLICT
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Asymmetric warfare is hard for small groups of states as the don't have the reach and resources of states
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Prolong their survival and still achieve it aims, long term strategy
RESPONSES
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Anti-Terrorism
Actions taken by diplomatic, law enforcement and intelligence agencies to apprehend or thwart attacks
E.g. patted down at airports, clear plastic bags as bins in plastic places and having phone lines to report suspicious activity
CHALLENGES
No internationally accepted definition of terrorism - issue because requires multilateral resolution
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Suspensions of freedom/ due process - e.g. freedom of speech, anti-terrorism measures
Terrorist groups usually end because of intelligence operations, political changes and law enforcement, not military force
ROLE OF THE MEDIA
The media plays an essential part in the thinking of terrorist groups - Terrroists want media attention, gives them power, kill people and want society to know to instil terror
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STATE TERRORISM
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CHALLENGES
Humanitarian intervention - difficulty gaining consensus to intervene, risk to the population, risk to military assets
Iran is possibly pursuing nuclear technology - if they become nuclear armed then there is higher danger to states who intervene, could give these nuclear weapons to terrorist groups
Syria is supported by China and Russia in the UNSC. No UN action can occur and the US does not want to get involved in another lengthy Middle East conflict
If the state is sponsoring non-state terrorist groups, the difficulty is the same as stopping any other non-state terrorist group
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State terrorism sponsors may not care about public criticism - constant criticism means it can be less meaningful
Western states, such as the US, have avoided defining State Terrorism in case the definition is used against them for collateral damage that has occurred where it has taken action - don't like public criticism
A lack of an international definition, and perceived hypocrisy by the US etc. makes it more difficult to get cooperation from other states - US is often criticised, people use this as an excuse not to work with them
RESPONSES
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Sanctions - Restricting trade, investment, weapons trade
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DEFINITION
US definition
"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents
Australian definition
"coercing, or influencing by intimidation the government"
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Where the action causes "serious physical harm to a person ... serious damage to property or a person's death ... endangers a person's life" or "creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public"