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Changing population (KWH 2001) (Population and economic development…
Changing population
(KWH 2001)
Population and economic
development patterns
Big question: How does population
vary between places
?
Classifying countries by income
Low income countries
GNI: US$1,205 or less
Middle income countries
GNI: US$1,206-US$4,035
Emerging economies
GNI: US$4,036-US$12,475
High income countries
GNI: US$12,476 or above
Which impacts population distribution and
economic development at a national scale
Definitions
GNI per capita
Defined as the dividing the gross
national income by its mid-year population
GDP
Defined as the value of total goods and
services within a country
GNI
Defined as the sum of a nation's
gross domestic product
and the net
income it
receives from overseas
.
Voluntary internal migration
China and the Hu-Huang Young line
Factors affecting population distribution
Physical
1) Relief and landforms:
Places with low relief will usually attract more people
Temperature is milder at lower altitudes
More accessibility to the location if altitude is lower
2) Distance from the sea/ water bodies
Water sources are in close proximity (water bodies)
Fishes can be caught for a living --> Both for sustenance and to sell
More obvious Maritime effect --> Smaller diurnal range (less temperature range)
3) Weather and climate:
Generally mild weather is preferred
Crops can grow well
4) Natural threats:
Pests and insects can lead to smaller population
Large animals (such as near forests) is generally avoided
5) Soil type and quality
More nutritious soil is preferred (such as living near volcanoes) ---> More crops can grow and kickstart the economy (Primary industry of agriculture)
6) Natural resources
More natural resources such as water and nutritious soil (that can provide more food) is attractive
Precious minerals such as oil (Africa), minerals and precious metals can attract more people
Human
1) Political issues
Some people may be segregated due
to ethnicity (e.g. Apartheid in South Africa)
2) Conflict
People flee the country due to
conflict --> Syria
3) Development
People will go to places with jobs,
e.g. upcoming megacities
People will go to developed places
(with good education, healthcare, etc.)
Detailed and contrasting examples
of uneven population distribution
South Africa
Since the Apartheid (1948-1994), many
blacks have migrated from homeland to
the urban areas in search for jobs.
However, due to poverty, they are forced
to live in the periphery (lower costs)
Distribution due to forced internal migration
China
Uneven population distribution due
to voluntary internal migration
Relative importance of different
factors in determining population
distribution
Physical factors are important in attracting
people to go and settle down at the place
(e.g. Gold rush 1848-1855), thus attracting
investors and early development
Human factors affect how the people live
after development
(e.g. laws and policies)
that affect how these people live afterwards
Diversifying economy and high standard
of living may also attract people for **future
growth**
Changing populations and places
Big question: What are the processes
of population change and what are
their effects on people and places?
Definitions
Natural increase:
Difference between number of deaths
and number of births
Fertility rate:
Average number of births
per
thousand women
of childbearing age.
Life expectancy:
The number of years a person is expected
to live based on the statistical average.
Population structure
:
Types of structures
:
Dependency ratios
1) Young dependency ratio:
People aged under 15 divided
by total population
2) Old dependency ratio:
People aged above 64 divided
by total population
3) Young dependency ratio
plus old dependency ratio
Demographic transition model
Core vs periphery:
The
core is developed
and is surrounded
by the
undeveloped periphery
occupied by
the people that go into the core to work
but do not have enough money to stay in
the core, thus living in
undeveloped
areas near the core
.
Case study on population change (sorry, im stuck too...)
Population change and demographic transition over time, including natural increase, fertility rate, life expectancy, population structure and dependency ratios • Detailed examples of two or more contrasting countries
Case study on megacity growth
Case study on forced migration
Challenges and opportunities
Big question: What are the population
possibilities
and who has the
power
over the decision making process?
Global and regional trends in
Family size
Family sizes are decreasing as a whole.
Factors that causes a decrease:
1)
Increase in employment
of women which
decreases child bearing years
2)
Increase in cost of living
(urban areas)
which lead to less children
3)
Increase in pursuit of material comfort
which leads to less children
4)
Pursuit of higher education
by females
which leads to decrease in childbearing years
Sex ratios
Decrease in the sex ratio
(number of males divided
by number of females). This is due to
increased
female equality
in the world. However, there is still
slightly more males than females in the world
Aging/graying
By 2035, the number of over-65s is
expected to
almost double
to 1.3
billion
Increase from
7 to 14 per cent
of the world’s population
80% of older people
will be living in
low-and middle-income countries
Policies to manage population change
Aging societies
Singapore:
Pioneer generation package
Annual top up of
$200-$800
into medisave account
Additional subsidies
at participating general
practitioners
Pioneer generation ambassadors visited
3 in 4 pioneers
to offer
personalised resources and information
. They
were also introduced to other
community activities
(e.g. planting)
Pro natalist policies
France:
Code de la famille
$UK 1064 given to couples that got a
third child
Maternity leaves ranging from
20 weeks
for the first child to 40 weeks
for third child
100% mortgage
and preferential treatment
for families with three children
Family allowances
for families with 3 children
to offset coast of daily necessities
Anti natalist policies
China:
One child policy
(1979-2015)
Citizens were only allowed to have one child
China rewarded 5 yuan per month to families
with only one child
Citizens that violated this policy were
fined US$370-$12,800 (many times the average
annual income of chinese
Gender equality
India, Kerala:
Literary and gender equality policies
Tradition of
female employment
, with
girls educated to the same standard as
boys
Open access
to universities and colleges
where women often **study to be doctors
and nurses**
No traditions of dowries and
no obstacles
to remarriage
Anti-trafficking
USA:
Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA 2000)
Adopts a three-pronged approach that includes
prevention, protection, and prosecution
.
Protection
Increased efforts to protect foreign national victims
as well as non-immigrants
Prosecution
Arresting traffickers that are related to forced labour
and sexual exploitation
Prevention
Assist other governments to prevent trafficking
Demographic dividend
