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Ancient India Ch-6- Chalcolithic Farming Cultures (Chalcolithic…
Ancient India Ch-6- Chalcolithic Farming Cultures
Chalcolithic settlements
End of Neolithic period
Use of metals
First metal used- COPPER
Chalcolithic means Stone- Copper age
Culture based on Stone and copper is chalcolithic
Chalcolithic culture appear after bronze harrapan culture
Chalcolithic
People used stone and copper objects
also used low grade bronze
Primarily rural communities
spread over a wide area
Near hilly land and rivers
Harappan
Used bronze
urbanization on the basis of produce
from the flood plains of Indus valley
In India settlements belonging to chalcolithic phases are found in
South East Rajasthan
Two sites
Ahar
practically did not use microlithic tools
Stone axes and blades absent
used
flat axes
bangles
several sheets
all made of copper
People practised
smelting
metallurgy
old name of Ahar- Tambavati (Place possessing Copper)
Ahar culture is placed between C. 2100 and 1500 BC
Gilund
is considered as regional centre of Ahar culture
only fragments of copper appear
Stone blade industry found
Both near dry zones of Banas valley
Western Madhya Pradesh
Malwa
Malwa ware
Considered the richest among chalcolithic ceramics
Kayatha
Eran
Western Maharashtra
Jorwe
flat rectangular copper axes
Nevasa
Daimabad in Ahmadnagar Distt.
Chandoli, Songaon and Inamgaon in Pune Distt., Prakash and Nasik
Chandoli
flat rectangular copper axes
Copper chisels found
They all belong to the Jorwe Culture
Jorwe- type site situated on left bank of
the Pravara River
Tributary of Godavari
In Ahmadnagar Distt.
Jorwe culture C. 1400 to 700 BC
Covered Modern Maharashtra
Except parts of Vidharba and Konkan
Culture was rural
But Daimabad and Inamgaon reached urban stage
All sites were located in semi arid areas
mostly on brown black soil
had ber and babul vegetation
Navdatoli
Situated at Narmada
Southern and Eastern India
Vindhyan region in Allahabad
Chirand on Ganga
West Bengal
Mahishdal in Birbhum Distt.
Andu Rajar Dhibi in Burdawan Distt
Bihar
Senuar
Sonpur
Taradih
Uttar Pradesh
Khairadih
Narhan
People used tiny tools and weapons
made of stone
Hence stone blade industry flourished
embedded with blades
Copper objects are found in good numbers
in Ahar and Gilund, Rajasthan
Pottery
People used different types of pottery
Black and red pottery
widely prevalent
from 2000 BC onwards
Painted pottery
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
In eastern India very few
Agriculture and Domestic animals
people domesticated animals
cows, sheep, goats, pigs buffaloes and hunted dear also camel
ate beaf not pork
practiced agriculture
remarkably produced wheat and rice
Also cultivated Bajra
produced several pulses: lentil, black gram, green gram, and grass pea
all these have been found at Navdatoli on bank of Narmada in Maharashtra
people also produced ber and linseed
cotton was produced in the black cotton soil of Deccan
Ragi, Bajra and several millets in lower Deccan
people in east survived on fish and rice
fish hooks found in Bihar and WB
Regional differences in Cereals, structure , pottery etc.
Eastern India Produced rice
western India cultivated barley and wheat
settlements in Malwa and central India appeared early
in Eastern India much later
Houses/buildings
no burnt bricks
seldom used in Gilund in 1500 BC
made of Mud Bricks
mostly constructed with wattle and duab
people in Ahar lived in stone built houses
Out of 200 Jorwe sites
Diamabad is largest in Godavari Valley
around 20 hectares
could contain 4000 people
Chalcolithic Art and Craft
People were expert coppersmith
weapons and bangles of copper
good worker in stone
manufactured beads of semi precious stones such as
Carnelian
steatite
quartz crystal
spinning and weaving was known
spindle whorls discovered in malwa
cotton, flax and silk threads made of cotton silk
found in Maharashtra
cloth manufacturing
Burial Practices and Religious cults
In Maharashtra
dead were buried in urns
under the floor of their house
in north to south position
no separate cemeteries as Harrapans
pots and copper objects were buried with the dead
in the next world
people venerated the mother goddess
unbaked nude clay figurines was worshiped
figure of mother goddess found in Inamgaon
Social Inequalities in the society
differences in settlements
larger dominated smaller settlements
settlement heirarchy
this implies two tier habitations
chiefs and his kinsmen
lived in rectangular houses
dominated on others living in round houses
Importance of Chalcolithic Phase
Limitations of Chalcolithic cultures
The Copper Hoards and the Ochre-Coloured Pottery Phase