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CHAPTER 10: DISEASES AND IMMUNITY (Pathogen (transmissible disease) are…
CHAPTER 10: DISEASES AND IMMUNITY
Terms
Pathogen
: disease-causing organism/particle
Transmissible disease
: A disease that pathogen can passed on from one host to another.
Immunity
: body resistance to pathogen which causes specific disease
Pathogen
(transmissible disease)
are transmitted via
:
blood or other body fluids, or indirectly
from contaminated surfaces or food
from infected or reservoir animals
from contaminated air
Body Defence Mechanisms
Mechanical barriers
Example: Skin, hairs (in nose)
Barriers are
non-specific
defenses - do not differentiate one pathogen from another
Chemical barriers
Example: Mucus, stomach acid
Barriers are
non-specific
defenses - do not differentiate one pathogen from another
Cells
Example: Phagocytic WBC (phagocytes), WBC
Non-specific
mechanism designed to
prevent or overcome microbial invasion
, after invading mechanical and chemical barriers.
Vaccination
Harmless pathogen given which has
antigens
Antigens trigger an
immune response by lymphocytes
which produce
antibodies
.
Memory cells
are produced that give long-term immunity
Active Immunity VS Passive Immunity
Active immunity
Definition
: Defence against pathogens by antibody production in the body.
Naturally acquired active immunity
VS
Artificially acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity - obtained after a person recovered from an infection
Artificially acquired active immunity - obtained through vaccination or immunisation.
Passive immunity
Definition
: Short-term defence against pathogens by antobodies acquired from another source.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
VS
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity - obtained through the mother through breast milk or through placenta
Artificially acquired passive immunity - obtained through injection of serum which contains specific antibodies
Antibody
Mechanisms
Agglutination
- pathogens clump together caused by antibodies for easier pathogen detection by phagocytes.
Neutralization
- Antibodies neutralize toxins produced by pathogen from attaching onto cells and causes cellular damage by binding onto the toxin molecules themselves
Opsonisation
- opsonins (a type of antibody) bind to antigens as marker to be recognized and destroyed by phagocytes.
Lysis
- Lysins (a type of antibody) bind to antigens and cause the antigen to rupture or disintegrate.
Each antigen induces different antibody production - specific antigen onto fits into specific antibody
Disease caused by Immune System Targeting and Destroying Body Cells
Type 1 Diabetes
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)