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Topic 6 - Human Physiology (The Blood System (Blood Vessels (Capillaries…
Topic 6 - Human Physiology
Digestion and Absorption
Digestion : break down of large molecules into smaller molecules
Digestive Enzymes
Amylase
Substrate : STARCH (Carbohydrates)
Product : MALTOSE
Source : MOUTH
Optimum pH : 7-7.8
Example : SALIVARY AMYLASE
Protease
Sustrate: POLYPEPTIDES
Product : AMINO ACIDS
Source : STOMACH
Optimum pH - 2
Example : PEPSIN
Lipase
Example : PANCREATIC LIPASE
Substrate : TRIGLYCERIDES
Product : FATTY ACIDS & GLYCEROL
Source : PANCREAS into the SMALL INTESTINES
Optimum pH : 7.2 - 7.5
Enzyme : A globular protein that increases the rate of a biochemical reaction by lovering the activation energy threshold ( a biological catalyst)
lowr activation energy = less heat. heat can cause damage to cells of living organisms.
The Digestive System
Mouth
Salivary Gland
Stomach
Mechanical digestion caused by muscle cotractions
Stomach acid kills bacteria
Chemical digestion of protiens by pepsin
Liver
Pancreas
Sunthesises the three main types of digestive enzymes
Amylase
to digest carbohydrates
Lipase
to digest lipids
Protease
to digest polypeptides
Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
Oesophagus
Peristalsis pushed bolus into Stomach
Gallbladder
Small Intestine
The small intestine has four distinct tissue Layers from the lumen
Submucosa - Connective tissue between mucosa and muscle
Muscular Layer - Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle, peristalsis
Mucosa - Inner lining, includes
villi
Serosa - protective outer layer
Duodenum
Ileum
Adaptations of Absorption VILLI
Capillaries close to Epithelium - short path for diffusion, rich blood supply
Rich Blood Supply - Maintains concentration gradients between lumen and blood.
Lacteals (Lymph vessels) - rapid absorption and transport of lipids
Villi increase surface area to volume ratio of small intestines, increasing rate of absorption.
Single cell epithelial cell - short path for diffusion
Micro villi - further increase surface area : volume ratio
large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Absorption: uptake of molecules into the blood
Membrane transport
Simple Diffusion
of
Lipids
- Non-polar lipids can pass through hydrophobic plasma membrane core into epithelial cells
Facilitated Diffusion
of
Fructose, Vitamins
- Hydrophilic molecules use channel proteins to pass phospholipid bilayer
Active Transport
of
Glucose, amino acids and mineral ions
- protein pumps use ATP to move molecules against concentration gradient
Endocytosis
of
Antibodies
from breast milk - absorbs larger molecules without digesting them
Assimilation : the intake of molecules into the tissue for use inside the body
The Blood System
The Blood
Transports
Oxygen
Antibodies
Nutrients
Hormones
Carbon Dioxide
Heat
Urea
Components of Blood
Plasma
Dissolves or carries all other component of blood
Erythrocytes / Red Blood Cells
Transports Oxygen in haemoglobin molecules
Leucocytes / White Blood Cells
Phagocytes
- Eat up pathogens and dead cells
Lymphocytes
- B-cells and T-cells for immune response
Platelets
Clotting of blood following damage to cells or erythrocytes
Blood Vessels
Capillaries
<10 nanometers diameter
Blood moves slowly under low pressures to allow for exchange of substances with tissues
Veins
Carries blood under low pressure towards the heart
Has valves to ensure blood-flow in correct direction
Arteries
Carry blood under high pressure from heart to tissue
William Harvey aka that white guy they're going to ask us about
The Heart
The Cardiac Cycle
Control of Hear beat
Coronary Heart Disease
Artherosclerosis
Risk Factors
Age
genetics
Sex
Smoking
Diet
Excercise
Obesity
Stress
Defence Against Infectious Disease (aka the dark arts)
Gas Exchange
Neurons and Synapses
Im going to Start leaving you secret messages
PRIYA
:smiley: :kissing_heart: :<3:
I LOVE YOU
! Found! I LOVE YOU TOO :smiley: This is hilarious, because this emotion might very well be faciliatated by our neurons and synapses (hormones!!)
Hormones and Reproduction