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Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical Bonding (4.1 Ionic Bonding and Structure…
Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical Bonding
4.1 Ionic Bonding and Structure
Cations
- atoms (metals) lose valence electrons,
positively charged
Anions
- atoms (nonmetal) gain electrons,
negatively charged
Atrraction between cations and anions form ionic bond
Stable Octet Rule
Cations an anions are formed as unstable atoms try to reach the configuration of nearest noble
gas
atoms gain/lose electrons from highest energy level
Atoms prefer having 8 e in highest energy level
Na atom - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6,
3s1
Cl atom - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6,
3s2, 3p5
Na+ ion - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6
Cl- ion -1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
Ionic substances are made of repeating array of positive and negative Ions - repeating array =
Crystal Lattice
Characteristic of Ionic Bonds
Crystalline at room temp
Higher melting & boiling point than covalent compounds
Conduct electrical current in molten or solution state but not in solid state
Polar bonds
More soluble in polar solvents such as water
Strength of Attraction
strength (F) =
(positive charge * negative charge) / (atomic radius (of +ve) + atomic radius (-ve))
4.3 Covalent Structures
4.2 Covalent Bonding
4.4 Intermolecular Forces
4.5 Metallic Bonding
14.1 Further Aspects of Covalent Bonding and Structure
14.2 Hybridization