Gallstones 120px-Gallstones

Definition

a small, hard crystalline mass formed abnormally in the gall bladder or bile ducts from bile pigments, cholesterol, and calcium salts

Causes

Signs and symptoms

Vomiting

Pain in your right shoulder

Nausea

sudden and rapid pain in the centre of you abdomel

pain in the upper belly and upper back that last for hours

your genes

your weight (obesity)

Problems with gallbladder

Diet

Fasting

Phathophysiology

The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become overconcentrated and contribute to gallstone formation

This can be caused by high resistance to the flow of bile out of the gallbladder due to the complicated internal geometry of the cystic duct

Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors are important in causing gallstones.

The second factor is the presence of proteins in the liver and bile that either promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization into gallstones.

Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts

Diagnosis procedure

X-ray plain

ERCP and MRCP

Abdominal ultrasound

Murphy's signs

Blood test

Nursing management

promote comfort to relieve pain stimulus

do oral care before meals to avoid vomiting

Administer prescribed medication accordingly

promote rest and allow for uninterrupted periods of relaxation during the acute phase of illness

Pharmacological therapy

nonsurgigal treatment option involve injecting a solvent known as methyl tertiary-butyl ether(MTBE) into the gall bladder to dissolve gallstones

Percutaneous cholecystomy

Acid pills that can dissolve gallstones such as ursodiol

Morphine for pain

Diet

eating nuts

full healthy balanced diet

Increase fibre intake

increase vitamin c intake

Increasing dietary calcium