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Case Study: Paramedics bring in a patient to see you who has two deep…

- - - - Directional terms described by paramedics
        
        Anterior region
        
        Def: In front of
        
        Possible location of wound: Axial part of the body in the right thoracic region intermediate between the sternal & mammary region
        
        Regions possibly compromised
        
        Right hypochondriac region
        
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        Axilliary region
        
        Def: Armpit
        
        Inferior region
        
        Def: Below
      - Possible cavities affected
        
        Ventral body cavity
        
        Containing
        
        Thoracic cavity
        
        Right pleural cavity
        
        Mediastinum
        
        Pericardial cavity
      - Possible organs affected
        
        Diaphragm
        
        Heart
        
        Right part of Lung
      - Possible membranes affected
        
        Integumentary (cutaneous)
        
        Skin
        
        Mucous
        
        Lies in between cavities
        
        Lines tubes that connect to outside of body
        
        Respiratory tract
        
        Serous
        
        Parietal
        
        Def: Lines the wall of the cavity
        
        Parietal pericardium
        
        Parietal pleura
        
        Visceral
        
        Covers the organ itself
        
        Visceral pleura
        
        Visceral pericardium
      - Possible systems affected
        
        Integumentary system
        
        Skin penetrated
        
        Muscular system
        
        Muscle around area
        
        Skeletal system
        
        Possible bone scarring from puncture
        
        Nervous system
        
        Possible nerve damage in affected area
        
        Cardiovascular system
        
        Blood vessel damage
        
        Lymphatic system
        
        Possibility the injury compromises the immune system
        
        Respiratory system
        
        Possibility atmosphere has entered right lung
        
        Possibility of bronchus damage
    - - Reasons as to why the homeostasis of the body is potentially compromised
        
        Trauma to affected area
        
        Respiratory issues: Breathing is possibly difficult for the patient
        
        which in turn could make it hard for the circulatory system to do its job of transporting blood, & in addition, making it difficult for the heart to pump the blood
        
        further, depending on the amount of blood lost, can lead to the potentiality of limiting the efficiency of both systems to do their job
        
        Both of these to a certain severity could potentially lead to death if not resolved
        
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  - - - Anatomical regions described by paramedics
        
        Epigastric region
        
        Organs involved
        
        Pancreas
        
        Aorta
        
        Duodenum
        
        Portion of the liver
        
        Pyloric end of stomach
        
        Possible location of wound: Superior to the umbilical region and intermediate between the right and left hypocondriac regions
        
        Other possible regions
        
        Axial part
        
        Trunk
        
        Abdominal region
      - Possible organs affected
        
        Liver
        
        Pyloric of stomach
        
        Diaphragm
        
        Pancreas
        
        Aorta
      - Possible membranes affected
        
        Mucous
        
        Lines in between cavities
        
        Digestive tract
        
        Serous (internal)
        
        Parietal
        
        Parietal peritoneum
        
        Visceral
        
        Visceral peritoneum
        
        Integumentary (cutaneous)
        
        Skin
      - Possible cavities affected
        
        Ventral body cavity
        
        Abdominalpelvic area
        
        Abdominal cavity
      - Possible systems affected
        
        Integumentary system (cutaneous)
        
        Skin penetrated
        
        Skeletal system
        
        Possibility of damage to the medial costal region
        
        Muscular system
        
        Muscles around area
        
        Lymphatic system
        
        Possibility of infection in affected area
        
        Digestive system
        
        Potentiality the liver, stomach, & large intestine may be affected by wound
        
        Nervous system
        
        Nerve damage in affected area
        
        Cardiovascular system
        
        Blood vessel damage
        
        Possibility the heart was affected by penetration
    - - Reasons as to why the homeostasis of the body is potentially compromised
        
        Trauma to affected area
        
        Digestive issues: the upper digestive area is possibly working ineffectively
        
        Which means potentially the body is not receiving adenosine triphosphate that is needed to carry out organs system's functions.
        
        Ex from a YouTube video on homeostasishttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3B3P0SWkP8 :
        Since ATP from food is not being delivered
        
        It is difficult for systems such as the cardiovascular system to deliver nutrients to the blood
        
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        If the puncture is deep enough in any organ part of the digestive system, digestive enzymes, raw food, ect. could potentially lead to a sepsis infection, further taking the body away from homeostasis
- - - - Homeostatic control
        
        Necessary process: Communication
        
        Achieved by
        
        Nervous system
        
        Endocrine system
        
        Utilizes
        
        Neural electrical impulses / hormones as carriers
        
        Variable = factor being regulated
        
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        Homeostasis def: Body's ability to be in dynamic equilibrium (Keep things balanced)
    - - Digestive system
        
        Includes
        
        Small intestine
        
        Large intestine
        
        Stomach
        
        Rectum
        
        Liver
        
        Esophagus
        
        Oral cavity
        
        Anus
        
        Function
        
        breaks down food into absorbable units
        
        which inter the blood stream to be distributed to cells
        
        indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
      - Nervous system AKA CONTROL CENTER
        
        Includes
        
        Brain
        
        Spinal cord
        
        Nerves
        
        Function
        
        It rapidly responds to internal & external changes
        
        by activating relevant glands & muscles
      - Respiratory system
        
        Includes
        
        Trachea
        
        Bronchus
        
        Larynx
        
        Lung
        
        Pharynx
        
        Nasal cavity
        
        Function
        
        Keeps blood consistently supplied with O2
        
        removes CO2
        
        exchanges occur -> walls of the air sacs lungs
      - Endocrine system
        
        Includes
        
        Adrenal gland
        
        Pancreas
        
        Thymus
        
        Testis
        
        Thyroid gland
        
        Ovary
        
        Pituitary gland
        
        Pineal gland
        
        Function
        
        Glands secrete hormones
        
        that regulate processes such as
        
        Reproduction
        
        Nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
        
        Growth
      - Lymphatic system / immunity
        
        Includes
        
        Lymphatic vessels
        
        Thoracic duct
        
        Thymus
        
        Spleen
        
        Red bone marrow
        
        Lymph nodes
        
        Function
        
        Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & returns it to blood
        
        disposes of debris in lymphatic stream
        
        houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
        
        the immune response attack against foreign substances in body
      - Cardiovascular system
        
        Includes
        
        Heart
        
        Blood vessels
        
        Function
        
        Blood vessels transport blood
        
        which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, ect (also circulates extra cellular fluid)
        
        The heart pumps the blood
      - Muscular system
        
        Includes
        
        Skeletal muscles
        
        Function
        
        Allows manipulation of environment
        
        locomotion
        
        & facial expression
        
        maintains posture
        
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      - Female reproductive system
        
        Function
        
        Produce offspring
        
        ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones
        
        remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization & development of fetus
        
        Includes
        
        Mammary glands
        
        Produce milk to nourish baby
        
        Ovary
        
        Uterus
        
        Uterine tube
        
        Vagina
      - Skeletal system
        
        Includes
        
        Bones
        
        Joints
        
        Function
        
        Protects & supports organs
        
        provides a framework the muscles use for movement
        
        blood cells are formed within bones
        
        bones store minerals
      - Urinary system
        
        Includes
        
        Ureter
        
        Urinary bladder
        
        Kidney
        
        Urethra
        
        Function
        
        Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
        
        regulates H2O, electrolyte, & acid-base balance of the blood
      - Integumentary system
        
        Includes
        
        Hair
        
        Skin
        
        Nails
        
        Function
        
        Forms the external covering of body
        
        protects deeper tissues
        
        synthesizes vit D
        
        houses cutaneous receptors, (pain, pressure ect) oil & sweat glands
      - Male reproductive system
        
        Function
        
        Produce offspring
        
        testes produce sperm & male sex hormone
        
        male ducts & glands aid in delivery of sperm -> females reproductive tract
        
        Includes
        
        Testis
        
        Scrotum
        
        Penis
        
        Ductus deferens
        
        Prostate
  - - - Abdominal Regions & Organs Contained Within Them
        
        Right hypochondriac region
        
        Position: Lies laterial to the epigastric region & deep to the ribs (chondro=cartilage)
        
        Kidney
        
        Suprarenal gland
        
        Hepatic flexure of colon
        
        Part of duodenum
        
        Gallbladder
        
        Liver
        
        Epigastric region
        
        Position: Superior to the umbilical region (gastri=belly)
        
        Liver
        
        Pancreas
        
        Stomach
        
        Duodenum
        
        Aorta
        
        Right lateral (lumbar) region
        
        Lower kidney
        
        Part of duodenum
        
        Part of jeiunum
        
        Ascending colon
        
        Right iliac region
        
        Cecum
        
        Appendix
        
        Lower end of ileum
        
        Right ureter
        
        Right ovary (female)
        
        Umbilical region
        
        Omentum (fatty tissue that encases the liver, intestine, & stomach)
        
        Mesentery (a set of tissues that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen)
        
        Transverse colon
        
        Jejunum
        
        Lower part of the duodenum
        
        Ilenum
        
        Hypogastric or Pubic region
        
        Ileum
        
        Bladder
        
        Sigmoid colon
        
        Left Hypochondriac region
        
        Stomach
        
        Spleen
        
        Tail of pancreas
        
        Splenic flexure of colon
        
        Upper pole of kidney
        
        Suprararenal gland
        
        Left lateral (lumbar) region
        
        Descending colon
        
        Lower part of kidney
        
        Part of jejunum
        
        Part of ileum
        
        Left iliac region
        
        Initial part of sigmoid colon
        
        Left ureter
        
        Left ovary (female)
      - Regional Terms ~ Def: Two divisions of our body
        
        Appendicular part
        
        Appendages
        
        Manus
        
        Hand
        
        Palmer
        
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        Pollex
        
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        Metacarpal
        
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        Digital
        
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        Pedal
        
        Foot
        
        Metatarsal
        
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        Digital
        
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        Calcaneal
        
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        Plantar
        
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        Tarsal
        
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        Hallux
        
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        Limbs
        
        Upper limb regions
        
        Antecubital
        
        Inner elbow
        
        Olecranal
        
        Back of elbow
        
        Brachial
        
        Arm
        
        Antebrachial
        
        Forearm
        
        Acromial
        
        Shoulder
        
        Carpal
        
        Wrist
        
        Lower limbs regions
        
        Coxal
        
        Hip
        
        Femoral
        
        Thigh
        
        Patellar
        
        Front of knee
        
        Popliteal
        
        Back of knee
        
        Crural
        
        Shin
        
        Sural
        
        Calf
        
        Fibular or peroneal
        
        Outer side of calf
        
        Axial part
        
        Neck
        
        Cervical regions
        
        Front neck area
        
        Back of the neck area
        
        Trunk
        
        Abdominal regions
        
        Umbilical
        
        Navel area
        
        Back (dorsal)
        
        Lumbar
        
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        Sacral
        
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        Gluteal
        
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        Perineal
        
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        Pelvic region
        
        Inguinal
        
        Groin
        
        Pubic region
        
        Genital
        
        Head
        
        Cephalic regions (ventral)
        
        Frontal
        
        Forehead
        
        Orbital
        
        Eye socket
        
        Nasal
        
        Nose
        
        Buccal
        
        Cheek
        
        Oral
        
        Mouth
        
        Mental
        
        Chin
        
        Cephalic regions (dorsal)
        
        Otic / auricle
        
        1 more item...
        
        Occipital
        
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        Thoracic regions
        
        Axillary
        
        Armpit
        
        Mammary
        
        Breast
        
        Sternal
        
        Breast bone
        
        Back (dorsal)
        
        Scapular
        
        Shoulder blade
        
        Vertebral
        
        Backbone
    - - Anterior ~ AKA ~ Ventral
        
        Def: In front of
        
        Ex: The breastbone is anterior to the spine
      - Inferior ~ AKA ~ Caudal
        
        Def: Below
        
        Ex: The navel is inferior to the chin
        
        Does not apply to limbs
      - Superior ~ AKA ~ Cranial
        
        Def: Above
        
        Does not apply to limbs
        
        B/c they move around too much
        
        Ex: The head is superior to the abdomen
      - Posterior ~ AKA ~ Dorsal
        
        Def: Behind
        
        Ex: The heart is posterior to the breastbone
      - Medial
        
        Def: Toward the midline of body
        
        Ex: The heart is medial to the arm
      - Lateral
        
        Def: Away from midline of body
        
        Ex: The arms are lateral to the chest
      - Intermediate
        
        Def: Between. In the book, it means between a more & more lateral structure
        
        Book Ex: The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone & shoulder
        
        Other Ex: Your heart is intermediate to your lungs
      - Proximal
        
        Def: Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
        
        Ex: The elbow is proximal to the wrist
      - Distal
        
        Def: Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
        
        Ex: The knee is distal to the thigh
      - Superficial (external)
        
        Def: Toward or at the body surface
        
        Ex: The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
      - Deep (internal)
        
        Def: Away from the body surface
        
        Ex: The lungs are deep to the skin
    - - Body Membranes
        
        Mucous membrane (mucosa)
        
        Function: Lines all body cavities open to the outside or tubes that connect to the outside of the body
        
        Examples
        
        Respiratory
        
        Digestive
        
        Urinary
        
        Reproductive
        
        Moist membrane
        
        Serous membrane (serosa)
        
        Function: A double membrane that lines all ventral body cavities closed to the exterior (internal membrane)
        
        Visceral
        
        Function: Covers the surface of the organ (deepest membrane)
        
        Pleura
        
        Lungs
        
        Pericardium
        
        Heart
        
        Peritoneum
        
        Abdomiopelvic
        
        Parietal
        
        Function: Always lines the wall of the cavity (wall paper / most superficial layer)
        
        Pleura
        
        Lungs
        
        Peritoneum
        
        Abdomiopelvic
        
        Pericardium
        
        Heart
        
        Cutaneous membrane (Integumentary - skin)
        
        Function: Outermost layer
        
        Dry membrane
      - Ventral body cavity
        
        Thoracic cavity
        
        Superior mediastinum
        
        Location: Superior to the pericardial cavity
        
        Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
        
        Location: Heart area
        
        Pleural cavity
        
        Location: Lung area
        
        Abdominal cavity
        
        Contains: Digestive viscera