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Moral philosophy (Normative ethics (Virtue theory (4 criticisms (Vague,…

- - - - Categorical imperative
        
        The three laws
        
        Humans should not be treated as means
        
        Act as if you were a lawmaking member
        
        Universalisable
        
        3 strengths
        
        Just
        
        Moral authority
        
        Clear rules
        
        5 criticisms
        
        Not guidelines
        
        Unquestioning acceptance authority
        
        Rational people derive different rules
        
        People are not always rational
        
        Implies what should not be done
      - Hypothetical imperative
      - Reason
        
        Satisfying moral laws
        
        Doing one's duty
        
        Good will
        
        Doing good
  - - - Versions of utilitarianism
        
        Bentham
        
        Principle of utility
        
        Hedonistic calculus
        
        Future or immediate
        
        Intensity
        
        No. of people
        
        Future pleasures?
        
        Followed by pain
        
        Duration
        
        Certainty
        
        JS Mill
        
        Higher and lower pleasures
        
        Happiness generating capacity
        
        6 other kinds of utilitarianism
        
        Positive
        
        Negative
        
        Act
        
        Rule
        
        Preference
        
        Ideal
      - 4 strengths
        
        Clear rule
        
        Intuitively appealing
        
        Secular
        
        Incorporates subjectivity
      - 5 criticisms
        
        Not just
        
        Oppressive majority
        
        Various pleasures
        
        Calculation of future pleasures ad infinitum
        
        Misleading pursuit happiness
  - - - Eudaimonia
        
        Intellectual and moral virtues
        
        Doctrine of the mean
        
        Not moderation
    - - Vague
      - Doctrine of the mean insufficient
      - Virtues are relative
      - Eudaimonia idealistic
    - - Holistic view of human nature
      - Just
      - Takes context into account
- - - - Arg. self-appraisal
      - Arg. convergence
      - Arg. disagreement
    - - The good recognizable but not definable
      - Explanatory poverty
  - - - "X is wrong" = "I do not like X"
      - Subjectivism
      - Ayer's theory of language
      - "Emotivism is true" contradictory
    - - Schopenhauer's arg. from sufficient reason
      - Nietzsche's strong nihilism
    - - Arg. dispute
      - 3 criticisms
        
        Explain moral progress
        
        Solves nothing
        
        Incompatible toleration of others
    - - 4 features of moral language
        
        Prescriptive
        
        Reason
        
        Consistency
        
        Principles
- - - - The way things function is a fact
      - Logic distinct from reasoning