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female reproductive disorders (dysmenorrhoea (clinical manifestations…
female reproductive disorders
dysmenorrhoea
defination
Is a colicky abdominal pain that starts with the menstrual flow and last for two to three days.
causes
Fibroids.
Adenomyosis.
Endometriosis.
The use of intrauterine contraceptive device.
pathophysiology
Prostaglandins seem to be involved to a large extent in the development of the myometrial hyperactivity.
Other mechanisms of possible importance such as ovarian hormones, cervical factors, vasopressin, nerves, and psychologocal factors.
Hyperactivity of the myometrium with accompanying uterine ischemia is considered to be of central importance in the causation of pain.
They can well act ultimately through prostaglandin release but an action directly on the myometrium and blood flow may also occur.
clinical manifestations
Lower backache.
Headache.
Malaise.
Dizziness.
Nausea and vomiting.
nursing management
Place a heating pad or hot water bottle on your lower back or abdomen.
Avoid that food that contain caffeine.
Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol
Massage your lower back and abdomen.
Rest when needed.
pharmacological management
NSAIDs work by reducing the activity of cyclo-oxgenase pathways, thus inhibiting prostaglandin production.
Also ibruprofen for pain relief.
Treatments such as paracetamol and aspirin.
Treatments such as oral contraceptives work by inhibiting ovulation.
Premenstrual tension syndrome
definition
Condition experienced by some women before menstruation that may include tiredness, irritability, anxiety, depression, headache, and stomachache.
Causes
Hormonal fluctuations.
Disappear with pregnancy.
Cyclic changes in hormones.
Menopause.
Chemical changes in the brain.
Pathophysiology
Levels of estrogen and progesterone increase during certain times of the month.
An increase in these hormones can cause mood swings, anxiety, and irritability.
Change in both sex hormone and serotonin levels at the beginning of the menstrual cycle.
Ovarian steroids also modulate activity in parts of your brain associated with premenstrual symptoms.
Serotonin levels affect mood. Serotonin is a chemical in your brain and gut that affects your moods, emotions, and thoughts.
Clinical manifestations
Constipation.
Fatigue.
Abdominal pain.
Food cravings, especially for sweets.
Abdominal bloating.
Nursing management
Exercising to decrease bloating and improve your mental health.
Going to cognitive behavioral therapy, which has been shown to be effective.
Sleeping at least eight hours per night to reduce fatigue.
Drinking plenty of fluids to ease abdominal bloating.
Eating a balanced diet to improve your overall health and energy level, which means eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and reducing your intake of sugar, salt, caffeine, and alcohol.
Pharmacological management
Ibuprofen or aspirin, to alleviate muscle aches, headaches, and stomach cramping.
Diuretic to stop bloating and water weight gain.
Giving supplements, such as folic acid, vitamin B-6, calcium, and magnesium to reduce cramps and mood swings.