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Disorders of the mouth cavity (Primary aphthous stomatitis (Causes…
Disorders of the mouth cavity
Stomatitis
Causes
Mechanical trauma, jagged teeth, cheek biting, tobacco smoking, lack of vitamins
Risk factors
Poor oral hygiene, heavy tobacco smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, dental caries
Clinical manifestation
. Pain and discomfort in the oral cavity
. Teeth may be loose
. Halitosis
. Cracking on the mouth corners
Clinical Management
Avoid risk factors such as heavy usage of tobacco
Ensure good oral hygiene
Administration of antibiotics
Intake of vitamins
Definition
Inflammation of the mouth cavity and the gums, lips and angles of the mouth
Primary aphthous stomatitis
Definition
shallow ulcers with a white or yellowish centre and a red border on the inner mucosa of the mouth or tongue, usually appears single or nucleated.
Pathophysiology
White or yellowish centre with a painful red border in the oral cavity
Vesicles raptures and leave an ulcer that heals in 7 to 10 days
Causes
Hormonal factors or emotional or mental stressors
Minor trauma like cheech or tongue biting
Vitamin deficiency
Usually associated with HIV and Aids
Clinical manifestation
Continue becoming painful
Slight swelling on the site
Burning or tingling sensation
Management
Saline mouth
Soft balanced diet
Administration of local or systemic antibiotics
Nicotine stomatitis
Definition
Begin as a red stomatitis over tongue
Later be covered by a thick creamy white mucous membrane. Lession may slough leaving a Lession with beefy red base
Causes
Chronic irritation during tobacco smoking
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics which destroys the normal flora of the mouth
Clinical manifestation
Sore mouth
Redness on the mucosa and tenderness
Excessive salivation
Herps simplex may also be present
Management
If lession persist longer than two weeks, a physician must be consulted for biopsy to be done
Good oral hygiene
Advice the patient to stop the use to tobacco
Leukoplakia
Definition
A yellowish or greyish or white lession with hyperkeratisation
Causes
Chronic irritation with physical, thermal and chemical factors such as the use of tobacco
Clinical manifestation and
Manifests with painless lession found in varying sizes and shapes
Management
Eliminate risk factors such as tobacco and hot beverages.
Check teeth and correct defects that may cause irritation
Give high vitamin diet
If lession persists for two weeks, advice the patient to see a doctor
A biopsy may have to be done to determine whether it is malignant or not
If malignant, surgical intervention may be necessary
Radiotherapy may be prescribed
Hairy leukoplakia
Definition
A white patches with rough hair like projections on the lateral border oglf the tongue
Causes
Systemic factors such as poor nutrition
Syphilis, viral infection and opportunist infection in HIV and Aids
Clinical manifestation
An elevated lesion with roughened or leathery surface
Lesion may disappear with elemination of irritation
Management
Same for luekoplakia
Krythoplakia
Description
Red velvety appearing patch on the oral mucous membrane
Clinical manifestation
Manifests with a pre Cancerous lesion
Non septic inflammation
Causes
Caused by viral infection
Opportunityist infections in HIV and Aids
Systemic factors such as poor nutrition
Management
Reduce the use of risk factors like tobacco and hot beverages
High vitamin diet
Check teeth and correct defects that may cause irritation
Treatment
Systemic antibiotics
Vitamin supplements
Treatment of the underlying condition
Ensure good oral hygiene
Cancer of the tongue
Definition
An ulcer or area of thickening on the tongue
Later manifestation
Toothache and earache
Continuous salivation and halitosis
Cause
Tobacco smoking, and heavy consumption of alcohol
Chronic irritation and syphilis
Clinical manifestation
Redness on the tongue
Pain and slight swelling
Increased salivation
Difficult in swallowing
Slurred speech due to irritation
Discomfort especially when eating spicy foods
Surgical intervention
Surgical removal of the mandible with neck dissection
Medical management
Dietary supplements
Internal and external radiation
Paratitis
Definition
Chronic or acute Inflammation of the parotid glands
Clinical manifestation
Redness, swelling and tenderness over the gland
Overlying skin swells and become red and shiny
Initially there may be increased salivation bt as the inflammation progress the saliva dissipate
Pus may be present in bacterial infections
Pathophysiology
Both parotid glands become inflammed
Common in dehydrated and deliberated patients in particular postoperatively
More common during and after radiotherapy or in patients with compromised immunity
Causes
Decreased flow of saliva, often secondary to either blockage of salivary duct by a stone or the formation of a stricture or microorganisms in bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureas and Streptococci
Viral infection such as mumps
Medical management
Massage the glands to promote the flow of saliva
Administrator analgesia to control pain
Administration of antibiotics is essential for bacterial infections
Maintenance of oral hygiene
Maintain adequate nutrition
Surgical intervention
Surgical drainage for chronic parotitis is needed
Surgical removal of the infected parotid glands should be performed