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PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE (DESCRIPTION (it is the cyclic or periodic…
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DESCRIPTION
it is the cyclic or periodic shedding of the endometrium as characterized by monthly vaginal bleeding.
lasts for about 3-6 days
there is an orderly cyclic production of hormones by ovaries to stimulate ovulation
MENSTRUAL CYCLE PROBLEMS
AMENORRHEA
absence of menstrual cycle for at least 90 days
contributing factors amenorrhea period include pregnancy ,breastfeeding, eating disorders, excessive exercise and stress
DYSMENORRHEA
it is a severe menstrual pain
it is caused by fibroids, endometriosis and excessive levels of prostaglandins
ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
it is any vaginal bleeding not considered normal for a menstrual period
it includes bleeding between periods or sex, any vaginal spotting , unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding
MECHANISM
PHASE 1(FOLLICULAR)
occurs from day 0 to day 14 of menstrual cycle
the main hormone during this phase is oestrogen specifically 17-beta-estradiol.
the increase of this hormone occurs by upregulation of the FSH receptors within the follicle at the beginning of the cycle
the increased amounts of 17-beta-estradiol will provide negative feedback to the anterior pitutairy
the purpose of this phase is to grow the endometrial layer of the uterus
this phase is also important to create an environment that is friendly and helpful to possible sperm
primordial follicle begins to mature to a Graafian follicle
the surroundings follicles begin to degenerate which is when the Graafian follicle becomes the mature follicle
OVULATION
always occurs 14 days before menses
at the end of of the proliferative phase, 17-beta-estradiol levels are high due to the follicle maturation and increased production of the hormone
17-beta-estradiol provides positive feedback for FSH and LH production
the mature follicle breaks, and an occyte is released
the changes to the cervix as initiated during the follicular phase
waterier cervical mucous better accommodate the possible sperm
the levels of 17-beta -estradiol fall at the end of ovulation
THE LUTEAL OR SECRETORY PHASE
occurs from day 14 to 28 of the cycle
progesterone stimulated by LH is the dominant hormone during this phase
prepares the corpus luteum and endometrium for possible fertilized ovum implantation
progesterone stimulates the endometrium to slow down endometrial proliferation
progesterone decreases and thickens the cervical mucous making it non-elastic
if pregnancy occurs, a fertilized ovum is implanted is implanted within the endometrium ,and corpus luteum will persist and maintain the hormone levels
MENSES
starts from day 0 to 5 of the next menstrual cycle
the duration of menses is variable
menses is when there is sloughing of the endometrial lining and its blood
primordial follicles begin to develop and start the follicular phase again in hopes of pregnancy
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF MENSTRUATION
breast swelling and tenderness
tension
bloating
acne breakout
leg, back or stomach cramping
premenstrual syndrome