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Female reproductive disorders. (Endometriosis (Symptoms (Lower abdominal…
Female reproductive disorders.
Endometriosis
Definition
It is a disorder in which the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside the uterus.
Symptoms
Lower abdominal pain.
Pelvic pain.
Abnormal menstruation.
Heavy menstruation.
Constipation.
Cramping.
Nausea and vomiting.
Pain during sexual intercourse.
Causes
Genetics.
Surgical scar.
Problems with immune system.Ge
Problems with menstrual flow
Diagnostic studies.
Surgical laparoscopy.
Pelvic exam.
Magnetic resonance imaging.
Treatment
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, like ibuprofen.
Oral contraceptive pills.
Surgery can be used to remove the endometriosis or to burn the endometriosis lesions outside of the uterus to make them go away.
Pathophysiology.
The causes are unknown but theories have been proposed.
Retrograde theory.
It is thought that menstruation influences backward flow through fallopian tubes.
Familial deposition.
It is thought that in the absence of retrograde flow into the fallopian tubes, women with a family history of endometriosis are at risk of developing the condition.
Risk factors.
Polymenorrhoea
A female relative with endometriosis.
Uterine fibroids
Definition
Non-cancerous growths in the uterus that can develop during a woman's childbearing years.
Symptoms
Intense menstrual bleeding.
Bladder pressure.
Pressure on the rectum.
Difficulty emptying the bladder.
Backache.
Frequent urination.
Constipation.
Urination frequency
Causes
Genetic changes
Hormones
Substances that help the body maintain tissues, like insulin-like growth factor.
Extracellular matrix.
Diagnostic studies
Routine pelvic exam.
Ultrasound.
Lab tests.
Hysterosonography.
Hysteroscopy.
Treatment
Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists, such as leuprolide, triptorelin.
Tranexamic acid, such as lysteda, cyklokapron.
Oral contraceptives to control menstrual bleeding.
NSAIDs medications to relieve pain.
Surgical management
Abdominal myomectomy
Hysterectomy.
Myolysis.
Pathophysiology.
Fibriods begin as single or multiple seedlings in myometrium and gradually grow.
They cause pressure in the pelvis which result in pain, urinary frequency, urgency and constipation.
This may lead to menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea and metrorrhagia.
Cervical cancer
Definition
A malignant tumour of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus.
Causes
Abnormal changes in the cervical tissue.
Sexual contact.
Oral contraceptives.
Multiple sexual partners.
Symptoms
Abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Abnormal Vaginal discharge.
Pelvic pain.
Kidney Failure.
Pain ,when cancer is advanced.
Diagnostic tests.
Pap smear.
HPV tests.
Cervical tissue biopsy.
Colposcopy.
Treatment
Chemotherapy.
Surgical treatment.
Conization.
Total hysterectomy.
`Radiation therapy.
Immunotherapy.
Pathophysiology.
Central to develop cervical cancer is infection of HPV.
This virus causes transformation of a cell infection with HPV to a cancer cell.
Basal cells are then infected.
This causes viral replication within the epithelial cell during differentiation cycle.
Finally, HPV DNA replication begins when the basal cell DNA is duplicated.
Pelvic inflammatory disease.
Definition.
It is a clinical syndrome that describes simultaneous infection of several organs in the female reproductive system.
Pathophysiology
The infection is acute in most instances, whereby the infecting organisms colonize the vagina and cervix, causing a low grade vaginitis and cervicitis.
Assessment and common findings
Lower back pain.
Urinary frequency.
Pyrexia.
Tachycardia.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Abnormal distention.
Diagnostic studies
White cell count more than 10 000 per cm.
Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Cervical swab culture to identify infecting organism.
Laparoscopy.
Nursing management.
Administer prescribed medication, antibiotics and analgesics.
Provide plenty of water to drink, especially if patient has pyrexia.
Monitor vital signs.
Provide care required to promote comfort.
Observe vaginal discharge, by recording pad check every time it is changed.
Maintain patient personal hygiene by giving daily bath.
Wash hands after attending the patient.
Health education.
Encourage good personal hygiene.
Encourage hand wash after every pad change.
Teach the patient to do daily exercise.
Proper nutritional intake should also be encouraged.