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Physiology of (Menopause (Symptoms (Hot flashes., Flushing of the skin.,…

- - - - Periodic medical assessment should be given
      - Address the psychosocial issues.
      - Provide necessary support.
      - Advice on nutrition and the exercise.
      - Be sensitive to individual feeling.
    - - Hormone replacement therapy
- - - - Pituitary gland in the brain is mainly concerned with ensuring physical growth.
      - Cue to start the periods comes from the hypothalamus.
      - As the girl reaches 9 - 10 years, the hypothalamus starts to secrete a special hormone called the Gonadotrophin Releasing hormone (GnRH).
      - The GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete hormones called (FSH) and LH.
      - The FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to release an ovum ('ovulation') every month.
    - - Large amounts of oestrogen and progesterone are secreted
      - These high levels of oestrogen and progesterone suppresses the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
      - Ovulation cannot occur
      - Unless the ovaries are stimulated by FSH and LH.
      - Periods fail to occur.
    - - High levels of prolactin suppresses the secretion of FSH and LH.
      - Resulting in loss of periods and amenorrhea.
- - - - Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is considered normal.
      - Uterine contracts.
      - Uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels.
      - abdominal muscles expel the menstrual fluid.
    - - Pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow.
      - One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle.
      - It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity.
      - Follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and endometrium.
    - - Pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell.
      - Released egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube.
    - - Egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours.
      - If not pregnant, the egg cell disintegrates
      - Hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrium gets used up by the end of the menstrual cycle.
      - This causes the menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin.
- - - - Two cell membranes fuse together to form a single cell called the zygote.
      - The 23 unpaired chromosomes of the male and female pronuclei align themselves to form a full chromosomal complement in the fertilized ovum.
      - Once the sperm enters an ovum. the head of the sperm swells to form male pronucleus.
      - Once sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, plasma membrane change so that it does don't allow other sperms to enter.
      - Acrosome reaction is initiated when the sperm contacts the corona radiata.
      - Acrosome contains hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes, help the sperm break through corona radiata and zona pellucida.
      - Takes place in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
      - Followed by the zona pellucida.
      - Sperm first penetrate the corona radiata.
    - - Union of sperm and egg to form a zygote.