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BRAIN INJURY: can be defined as a traumatic injury that occurs as a…

- - - - Penetration trauma: this involves open exposure of cranial contents to the environment. the injury is open as it results from the dura matter being broken.
        
        Caused by penetration of the cranial vault from things like bullets, knives screw drivers.
  - - - Intracerebral Hematoma: Refers to bleeding within the brain parenchyma as a result of contusions or blood vessel injury. Petitrating forces associated with collisions of the head with objects causes trauma in the small vessels. Increasing of the intracranial pressure results in edema which can further manifest into herniation
        
        Intraventricular Hematoma: occurs secondary to traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages, or extending from intracerebral hematoma, it is a severe type of head injury
        
        Contralateral Hemaotomas: these can occur as a result of increasing intracranial pressure, along with temporal herniation.
        
        Signs and Symptoms: altered levels of consciousness, hemiparesis, ipsilateral pupil dilation, and intracranial hypertension
        
        Sings and Symptoms; decreasing levels of consciousness, decreasing GCS scores.
        
        In delayed intracerebral hematoma presentation is similar to that of a hypertensive brain haemorrhage: sudden and fast drease of LOC, pupil dilation, respiratory changes, hemiplegia
      - Signs and Symptoms: Headache, drowsiness, restlessness, agitation, slowed cognition. Symptoms can become worse over time, progress to loss of consciousness, respiratory irregularity and pupil dilation all symptoms consistent with a temporal herniation. In chronic cases, chronic headaches and tenderness an occur over the hematoma when the heart palpates.
    - - As the hematoma worsens the severity of vomitting , drowsiness, confusions seizures and hemipariesis develops
- - - - Grade I: Confusion, momontery amesia and disorientation.
        
        Grade II: Momentary amnesia and confusion after 5-10 minutes.
        
        Grade III: confusion and retrograde amnesia resulting from impact, along with altergrade amnesia.
        
        Grade IV (classic cerebral concussion): immediate loss of consiousness for less than hours. Retrograde and anterograde amnesia occurs posttramatically.
        
        Diffuse axonal injury: is longer than 6 hours prolonged traumatic coma
        
        Mild: Post traumatic commour lasting 6-24 hours.
        
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  - - - Cognitive deficits: confusion & disorientation, short attention span, learing difficulties, poor judgement, problems with perception, memory problems
        
        Behavioral manifestations: agitation, blunted affect, social withdrawl, depression, impulsiveness
- - - - Extradural hematoma: injuries/ trauma sustained from vehicle accidients, sporting accidients or falls.
        
        Subdural hematoma: vehicle accidents, severe alcohol use, falls in the elderly
        
        Intradural Hemorrhaging: contussions that happen as a result of focible impact with an object.
        
        Compound Fracture: injury that happens resulting from the head hitting or skriking an objec eg the ground or a baseball bat.
        
        Duffuse amonal injury: occurs as a result of the head being stationary and striking a moving object.