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Mythology 2D03 (exam) (Gods (Dionysus (The Symposium (drinking party for…

- - - - Other Account
        
        Dismemberment, ripped apart as a child because of Hera
        
        reborn by Zeus
      - Traditional account
        
        swone into Zeus' thigh- Twice born
        
        Zeus and Semele
    - - considered a foreigner
      - Asociation with outsiders, the East
      - acceptance of people that are not socially accepted
      - represented with long hair and beard,
    - - god of vegetation, esp. grapes
        
        fertility of land and humans
        
        wine
        
        male fertility
        
        Thyrsus
        
        staff with ivy leaves, sometimes ribbons and leaves
        
        topped with pinecone
    - - honor of Semele
      - inspier of frenzied woman
    - - loud crying god
      - ivy crowned
    - - Athens, 3 day festival
      - opening of wine caskets
      - Days
        
        Day 1: Pitoigia, "jar opening"
        
        Day 2: Choes, "wine jungs"
        
        Drinking contests
        
        no speaking allowed
        
        walk to Dionysus temple, Limnaeus "of the marshes
        
        Day 3: Chytroi, "pots"
        
        Scared marriage between Dionysus and Ariadne
        
        Introduction of wine myth
        
        Icaruis is given knowledge of wine making, and he invites neighbours to drink with him. They all pass out. Family of neighbour though Icarius has poised everyone, and kill Icarius. Daughter Erigone hangs herself.
        
        Dionysus causes a plague, festival is created to appease Dionysus
    - - drinking party for the elite males
      - Males and their sexuality
      - having political discussions, gossip with wine
      - female and male servants, musicians, female hetaerae (serve sexual entertainment, musicians, serve wine)
      - Drinking vessels are apotropaic (ward of evil, have eyes)
      - Depictions of the dangers of too much wine, behavior depicted with satyrs
    - - every 4 years, Athens
      - processions
      - rituals
      - honor Dionysus Lenaios (Lenos=wine press)(Lenaios another term for Maenads)
      - Dramatic performances
        
        Lenaion, where performances are held
      - honor of Semele
    - - local festival,Athens
      - cultivation of vines, for next season
      - procession
        
        carry Phalloi
      - dramatic performances
    - - 7 Days, Athens
      - symbolic arrival of Dionysus
        
        Statue of Dionysus Eleuthereus
        
        Village of Eleuthereus wants to join Athens, so they offer Athens a staue of Dionysus. Athens rejects statue, Dionysus causes a plague.
        
        "Free", Dionysus frees you from everyday life
        
        similar to Lysius "the releaser"
        
        Usually meant for male elites and also male citizens
        
        Ekstasis, "ectasy" (ek "out" and stasis, "stand")
      - Procession
      - Dramatic performances
        
        Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus
    - - General
        
        no civic ties
        
        open to most people
        
        initiation, secret knowledge
        
        can participate in state or religious practices
        
        better life in the afterlife
        
        One for Demeter and Dionysus
      - Dionysian Mysteries
        
        worshiped in M.Cults throughout the mediterran
        
        informal, and scattered
        
        causes some suspicion because cult of Dioynsius
        
        prominence of women
        
        fragmentary evidence, due to it being kept a secret
        
        Initiation
        
        2 stages/types of worship
        
        Initiation Rites-> Thiasus, or informal association
        
        little information
        
        Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii (60-40 BCE)
        
        Secret Rites or Orgia
        
        Once invented could be involved in Dioysian religious practices, or orgia
        
        Baccahe dance, shout, pray
        
        conflicting accounts
        
        different times of day
        
        eating of rotten flesh
        
        Omophagia (eating the sacrifical animal raw
        
        Sparagmos, "tearing, pulling to pieces"
  - - - Zeus and Maia
      - known as the slayer of Argus
      - Depictions
        
        human male
        
        Bearded man
        
        beardless youth
        
        statue
    - - early times in existence, mentioned in the Odyssey
      - piles of rock left on side of the road (at first)
        
        sign asking for protection on travels
      - Patron of travelers
      - friendly to mankind
      - represents commerce and peace
      - represents social interactions
      - Ithyphallic: Ithus (straight), Phallos "Phallus"
        
        Head an Phallus
        
        Fertility
        
        only for goats sheep and swine
        
        Charidotes "luck bringer
        
        can make person material rich
        
        Protection
        
        Phallas as apotropaic (ward of evil)
        
        Epimelius guardian of flock
        
        Shepards pray to him, for protection of flock
        
        also protects people
        
        Plague at Tanagra
        
        1 more item...
      - Hermes mutilation in Athens, 415 BCE
        
        Protest, cut of penis of the Hermes
        
        Athens not protecting the people
    - - Iconography
        
        traveler's hat
        
        winged sandels
        
        caduceus "wand"
      - Enodius(of the road) :
    - - Hermes also used as grave markers
        
        Leads souls to underworld
      - associated with curse tablets, chthonic (underworld) aspect
      - Role in Antheteria
        
        Opening of caskets of wine, also represents opening of underworld.
        
        Hermes' role is to close up underworld back again, and round up the souls
        
        Hermes Psychpomp: guide of the souls
    - - Representation of the transition of a phase of life (from adolescent to manhood)
      - Hermes found between properties
      - contests to mark transition
        
        Agonius "of contests"
        
        Males on the brink of transition
      - Cattle raiding
        
        indicating trickery and stealth
    - - Hermes invents lyre
      - Hermes theft of Apollo's cattle
        
        Hermes gives Apollo lyre
      - Hermes creates cattle
    - - Hermes gives Pandora shameless mind and deceitful nature
      - Lies and craft words
    - - Hermaphroditus (half women half man)
        
        Son of Hermes and Aphrodite
        
        Ovids Metamorphoses: merges with nymph, Salamacis
      - Pan
        
        Hermes and nymph, Penelopeia
        
        association with music
        
        half goat half man
        
        protector
      - Priapus
        
        Most sources: Dionysus and Aphrodite
        
        Some sorces: Hermes and Aphrodite
        
        fertility god
        
        protector of life stock
    - - Myths structured in terms on archetypes
      - Archetype idea, first linked to Carl Jung
        
        Archetypes generatred by collective unconscious
        
        trickster archetype
        
        Challenges to Carl Jung idea of collective unconscious
        
        Scholars focus on traits of archetypes
      - William Hynes and William Doty
        
        Traits of a trickster god
        
        mockery of religious, social, political laws or institutions
        
        disrupt situations, sometimes for benfit, sometimes to deteriment
        
        have ability to change form
        
        exhibit creativity and boundless energy
        
        often cultural heroes to humans
    - - Identified with Egyptian God Thoth
        
        tricksters
        
        some ties to underworld
        
        Herodotus also makes connection
  - - - Kronus and Rhea
      - Hestia "hearth"
    - - almost no temples, no rituals, shrines
      - worshipped through fire
        
        Honored all the time
        
        every sacrifices and every time fire is lit
      - Goddess of Hearth and Fire
    - - Honored by everyone
      - highest honor
      - Hermes represents opposite of Hestia
    - - Includes other gods
      - happens two weeks after a child is born
      - Hearth is involved, therefore Hestia
        
        Father runs around Hearth 3 times to his if the child is his
        
        if fire remained child is the fathers kid
        
        if fire went out wife was unfaithful
        
        involves a feast
    - - Presitesses are Vestial virgins
      - supposed to keep fire going
      - if fire goes out
        
        threatens state
        
        Vestial virgins are blamed, becase one of em slept with someone
        
        was punished
  - - - Zeus and Leto
        
        Artemis first born, help deliver Apollo
        
        Born on Mt. Cynthus on Delos
        
        One of Apollo's most important sanctuaries
        
        Leto and Hera
        
        Hera purses Leto until Asia Minor
        
        Leto asks for water to the locals, they refused her so they turned her into frogs
    - - Represents life cycle of a young women
      - Protection of young women and in child birth
      - Actaeon sees Artemis bathing, she gets dogs to tear him apart
      - Callisto (Devotee to Artemis) and Arcas
        
        Zeus has sex with Callisto, Artemis turns them into Bears
      - Orion tries to rape Artemis, as punishment turned into stars
    - - Homer
        
        Potnia Theron, "mistress of animals"
        
        Agrotera, "of the wilds"
      - hunting weapons, protector but also huntress
    - - Lochia, "Protector of women in labor
      - Explains dangers of childbirth
      - causes pain in labor
    - - sister of far shooter
      - water horses
      - golden chariot
    - - Queen of Thebes
      - boasts she is better than Leto
        
        Because she had 7 sons and 7 daughters
        
        Apollo and Artemis kills all of her children while mother watches
        
        Niobe turned into stone
    - - Festival, Brauron, east of Athens
        
        every four years
        
        Temples
      - "playing with bears" for Artemis
        
        Arcteia, arktos=bear
        
        Girls playing with bear, bear scratches the girl, brother killed the bear, Artemis sends a plague
        
        way to appease, all Athenians females supposed to play a bear
      - Votive statues and vase painting
        
        Indicate girls 5-16 years playing
      - Small temple to Iphigenia (daughter of Agamemnon)
    - - At Sparta
      - Only for boys
        
        Killing the adolescent part of themselves
        
        Whipping
        
        Supposed to laugh when they are being whipped
      - Masks
      - Dressed like helots (slaves to Sparta who do farm work)
        
        Shows superiority over slaves
  - - - to Pythian Apollo (Apollo who killed Python)
        
        instructions on who to worship him
        
        Creates a temple
        
        Apollo kills Pytho
      - To Delian Apollo (Apollo from Delios)
        
        Hera causes 9 Days labor
        
        Leto asks to be welcomed to Delos, and Delos welcomes her
        
        Leto wanders trying to find place for birth
    - - Hyacinthus
        
        Hyacinth flower, because Apollo was sad
        
        Accidentally killed while playing discus with Apollo
      - Apollo as a young man represents a transition
      - Sparta
      - 3 day long festival
      - Initiation of boys
    - - Layrel Branch
        
        Daphne
        
        Daphne asked escape from Apollo, so she was turned into a layrel branch
        
        Apollos purses her, but Daphne doesnt accept his advances
      - Sanctuaries
        
        Didyma, Asia minor
        
        Delphi, Greece- The Pythia, pytho/the pytho
        
        Panhellic (all Greek) sanctuary
      - Access to Zeus' thoughts
        
        providing Zeus' counsel
        
        prophetic powers
    - - Son of Apollo: Asclepius (Apollo teaches him medicine)
        
        Epidaurus temple, offering made if you wish to be healed
        
        also a theater
        
        Taught by Chiron
      - can cure illnesses
      - Can send plagues
    - - Musical contestant
        
        Contest with a styre who brags, Apollos wins and then kills him
        
        Apollo vs Pan, King Midus liked Pans preformance, so Apollo turned Midus' ears into donkey ears
      - Musagetes, "leader of muses
      - Orpheus, possible his son
      - Son Hymenaeus, "wedding song"
      - Homeric Hymn to Hermes
        
        other myths: Apollos invents the lyre
        
        Hermes gives lyre to Apollo
- - - - Hero believed to be someone that had died
      - Heroes preform extraordinary acts (could be moral or immoral)
      - Heroes die young or by violent or by mysterious means
      - Heroes are worshiped at their grave sites
      - Heroes become immortal through song and cult rituals
    - - Area of worship: Where body is supposedly rested
        
        Could be
        
        Within a community
        
        boundary of community, (city gate or walls)
        
        open air areas that were sacred
        
        could include
        
        grave sites
        
        Heroon: house for remains or offerings
        
        small temple or cult statue
    - - Fritz Graf's Assessment
        
        Vertical Tradition(contraditions, sources not agreeing)
        
        Different account of one event or feat
        
        e.g Aphrodite parentage
        
        Jason in literary sources vs visual representations
        
        Horizontal Tradition(sources in agreement)
        
        running biography
        
        e.g textbooks
        
        no contradictions
      - The Epic Cycle:
    - - Heracles
        
        Birth
        
        Zeus and Alcmene
        
        Zeus disgused as husband Amphitryonic
        
        Alceme had twins
        
        Eurystheus, Hera rage makes him king, and not Herclues
        
        Hera's anger and rage
        
        Sends python to kill baby Herclues
        
        Hera nurses him unknowingly, spills milk to form milky way
        
        Labors of Heracles
        
        Hera induces madness in Heracles, kills all of his family
        
        Labors as punishment, asks Oracle at Delphi, serves Eurstheus who oversees the labors
        
        Completes trials
        
        enters Olympus once he dies
        
        marries Hebe as reward
        
        trails allow him immortality
        
        Earns name Heracles after he finishes his trails and obtains glory and immortality and presented with Heracles
        
        Heracles=glory of Hera
        
        In literature
        
        Different characterizations
        
        Euripides Alcestis
        
        stupid,doesnt understand why people mourn, goes to the underworld, presented as being dumb
        
        Euripides Madness of Heracles
        
        focus on after he killed his family, wanting to commit suicide
        
        Death of Heracles
        
        Sophocles Trachiniae
        
        Nessus the centaur and Deianira (Heracles new wife) have son Hyllus
        
        Deianira jealous of Heracles lover, Iole
        
        Deianira uses Nessus blood on Heracles, thinking it will win him back, but instead slowly kills him
        
        Deianira kills herself, Hercles wants Hyllus to marry Iole
      - Theseus
        
        Greek hero, Athenian democratic hero
        
        Birth
        
        some accounts Poseidon
        
        Most accounts
        
        son of King Aegeus of Athens and Aethra, daughter of king Troezen
        
        raised in Troy
        
        Return to Athens
        
        Labors on route (similar to Heracles)
        
        killed son of Hephaestus, who carries a club
        
        kills Sinis, a robber
        
        kills monstrous sow of Crommyon
        
        killed Sciron, who kicked victims into the sea, where a turtle ate them
        
        wreastled to death with Cercyon at Eleusis
        
        killed Procruster ("the stretcher"), who compelled travelers to lie on a bed, made them right size for the bed by stretching them or cutting them
        
        Proves he is son of king Aegeus, here to claim birth right
        
        kills bull of Marathon, after Heracles let him go
        
        fighting the Minotaur and Knossos with the help of Ariadne
        
        Becomes king of Athens
        
        Athenians consider Thesus a democratic hero
        
        Democratic elements attached to him
        
        coinage
        
        cult of Aphrodite Pandemus ("of all people") in Athens
        
        expands Panathenaic festival
        
        Father think Theseus died after a voyage, so he kills himself
        
        Aegean Sea named after him
        
        Depictions in Literature
        
        Euripides Madness of Heracles
        
        convinces Heracles not to kill himself, seems level headed
        
        Euripides Hippolytus
        
        Thesus kills his son accidently, tragedy
        
        Euripides Suppliants
        
        upholding social norms
        
        Hero Shrine at Athens
        
        Theseion (oldest)
      - Oedipus
        
        Son of King Laius and Jocasta of Thebes
        
        Oedipus as a hero
        
        Because of his pursuit of who killed Laius, even though it ended tragically
        
        Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus
        
        after Oedipus Rex
        
        Oedipus exiled, wanders
        
        comes to sacred grove of the Furies at Colonus
        
        pleas for mercy, to Theseus and the Athenians, which they allow
        
        sons (his and Jocastas) want him to come back to Thebes, bring back his body as it will bring them power, Oedipus curses both of them that they are gonna kill each other
        
        buried in Athens
      - Achilles
        
        Homer's Iliad and works from Epic Cycle
        
        visual dipictions
        
        Iliad first word, Menis "anger"
        
        characterization of Achilles
        
        Birth
        
        son of Peleus and Thetis (sea nymph)
        
        mortal
        
        Prometheus Bound: Zeus was supposed to have a son with Thetis, but due to prochepy of being overthrown he didnt
        
        Wedding, apple of discord
        
        Skyros: Thetis hides Achilles as being a girl. Odysseus in search of Achilles forces him to revel himself.
        
        Death: either by Apollo or Paris
        
        Comparison
        
        Achilles and Aeneas
        
        Epic Genre
        
        4 Conventions
        
        Expansive scale
        
        long poems, typically over many years
        
        grand settings
        
        Content focuses on war or quest or both
        
        Serious tone
        
        numerous characters, including mortal, immortals, animals/monsters
        
        Virgil's Aeneid
        
        revenge vs. wise governing
        
        Similarites with Iliad and Odyssey
        
        written in dactylic hexameter
        
        Bks. 1-6: The Odyssey
        
        Bks. 7-12: Iliad
        
        new armor
        
        Underworld
        
        Aeneid: Book 6
        
        Book 11: Odyssey
        
        death of friend
  - - - Plutarch on Charilla
        
        Famine to Delphains. King gave out food to the more notable people. Orphaned girl asks king for some food, he slaps her, and she kills herself.Famine worsens because of the girl's death. To appease the spirit of the girl, King holds a ritual giving food to however asks, and slaps statue of Charilla with a sandal.Done every eight years
      - Opheltes at Memea
        
        Young child of king and queen
        
        His nurses goes to fetch water, while she is gone Opheltes gets strangled by a snake
        
        To make sure his spirit doesn't harm the community, the establishment of Nemean games
        
        honors Opheltes
        
        mourning of the child's death
      - Psamathe and her son, Linus
        
        Psamathe impregnated by Apollo
        
        Fears that her father (Crotopus, King of Argos) will be angry at her. She abandons the child, and the child is found by the sheapard. Crotopus finds out about the child and sends dogs to kill the baby. Crotopus also kills Psamathe.
        
        Apollo angry about this, sends vengeful spirts (Poene, (deity who kills new borns))
        
        Shepard kills the spirt
        
        Argives:
        
        festival honors Psamathe and son Linus
        
        lost potential of a mother and child
    - - Different figures
      - areas of worship same as heroes, but cults usually shared with males
      - Jennifer Larson's Greek Heroine Cults (1995)
        
        Companion heroines, often connected with males
        
        Helen and Menelaus in Sparta worshiped side by side
        
        Alcmene and Amphitryon in Thebes
        
        Semele and Dionysus in Thebes
        
        Independent females, fewer
        
        Amazons
        
        prophetess Sibylla
        
        Sappho on Lesbos
    - - Vertical tradition will apply
      - difficulties
        
        worship not as widespread
        
        not prominent in epic
      - Shift in classical period
    - - Helen
        
        Birth
        
        Zeus and Leda (wife of Tyndareus (king of Sparta)). Zeus in the form of a swan
        
        With Zeus
        
        Helen of Troy
        
        Polloux
        
        With Tyndareus
        
        Clytemnestra
        
        Castor
        
        Different source: daughter of Zeus and Nemesis
        
        Abductions
        
        Abduction by Theseus
        
        Castor and Polloux retrieve her
        
        Suitors, oath by Tyndareus (make an oath to all suitors, will go to war if they break oath)
        
        Marriage to Menelaus, King of Sparta
        
        Judgement of Paris
        
        One version: abduction by Paris
        
        Another Version: Paris abducts a phantom, Helen actually in Egypt
        
        Returns to Sparta
        
        Death
        
        Goes to Island of Blessed with Menelaus
        
        Worship
        
        Companion Heroine with Menelaus
        
        Therapne, near Sparta (Menelaion)
        
        Alone
        
        Sparta, Rhodes
        
        bc her Parents were Nemesis and Zeus
      - Clytemnestra
        
        Birth
        
        Daughter of Tyndareus and Leda
        
        wife of Agamemnon
        
        children
        
        Iphigenia
        
        Electra
        
        Orestes
        
        Kills Agamemnon and Cassandra
        
        Main Sources
        
        Aeschylus Orestia
        
        won first prize in Dionysia 458 BCE
        
        reason for murder
        
        she is angry with Agamemnon has returned with a new lover/slave
        
        she wants to continue ruling Mycenae with her lover, Agisthus
        
        she wants revenge on Agamemnon bc he sacrificed daughter in order to sail to Troy
        
        Homer Odyssey
        
        no honor when she is killing Agamemnon
      - Hecuba
        
        Birth
        
        Daughter of King
        
        Alternative: divine ties
        
        Wife of Priam, of Troy
        
        Focus on sorrow
        
        sees her city fall
        
        her husband die
        
        her children die
        
        Euripides
        
        The Trojan Women
        
        Greeks take Trojan Women as slaves after the fall of Troy
        
        Cassandra (with Agamemnon)
        
        Andromache(widow of Hector, taken by Neoptolemos, son of Achilles)
        
        Hecuba with Odysseus
        
        Hecuba tends to her slain grandson, Astyanax
        
        Appeal to Menelaus, Helen should die
        
        Attempt fails, Helen seduces Menelaus
        
        Contemporary influence
        
        Peloponnesian War,esp. 416 BCE
        
        to be pitied,premature death with Astyanax
        
        Hecuba
        
        Murder of Hecuba's youngest son (Polydorus), by his host. Polydorus was sent way to be raised somewhere else
        
        Greeks will scarifice daughter Polyxena
        
        Shade of Achilles
        
        Hecuba kills children of Polymestor and then blinds him
        
        Polymestor fortells Hecuba's fate, madness, and then she dies
      - Medea
        
        birth
        
        daughter of King Aeetes of Colchis (son of Helios), mother either an Oceanid or Hecate
        
        Hecate ties to witchcraft
        
        Assistance to Jason and the Argonauts
        
        Arrive at Colchis, to retrieve Golden Fleece. Needs Medea's assistance.
        
        Aeetes (King of Colchis) chases after them, Medea dismemberes her brother to stop Aeetes.
        
        tension between women: birth family vs. conjugal family
        
        Jason attempt to regain throne of Iolcus,
        
        Uncle doesnt give up throne, Medea convinces daughter to kill father.
        
        Flight to Corinth
        
        Jason offered to marry princess of Corinth, Creusa (daughter of Creon)
        
        Medea and children are sent into exhile
        
        Euripides Medea
        
        came in last place, because Athenians uncomfortable with Medea killing his children
        
        Medea posions Creusa robe, Creon touches robe and dies too
        
        kills her two sons
        
        earlier verision: she accidently kills her sons
        
        flees with the help of Helios
        
        death
        
        married to Achilles in the afterlife, lives on the Island of the Blessed
        
        Worship
        
        sons also worshipped as baby heroes at Corinth
        
        sanctuary of Hera Acraea
        
        tombs
        
        statue of Deima (terror)
        
        also worshipped at Corcyra, Cilicia
        
        Comparison
        
        myths about Medea at Rome
        
        popular on Sarcophagi, 2nd and 3rd CE
        
        suggestions: Medea an agent of death, warning of excessive mourning (Medea spends too much time mourning loss of marriage between Jason and loss of family)
        
        Literature
        
        Seneca Medea (4BCE-65CE)
        
        Stoic phiospher-freedom from bad judgement and unhelpful emotions
        
        Medea and other suffer only because they do not embody the Stoic ideals
        
        Ovid (43 BCE-17CE)
        
        Heriodes 12 (Medea to Jason): Letter from Medea to Jason addressing she has issues with him
        
        1 more item...
        
        Metamorphoses
        
        3 more items...
  - - - Known for adventure
      - often encounter monsters
      - differ from other heroes, including characteristics
    - - Journey
        
        Retrieve object or person
        
        encounter helpers and villains
        
        Contrast to other heroes
        
        most evidence describes thier journey to retrieve person or object and to achieve goal
        
        quest is the focus of the myth
      - W.H. Auden (1907-1973), poet an crtic
        
        6 factors of Hero's quest to help define hero
        
        a precious object/person to be possessed or married
        
        a long journey undertaken by hero
        
        hero himself
        
        tests and trials for hero to overcome
        
        "guardians of objects": who test hero, and might be malignant themselves
        
        human or animal helpers who offer hero knowledge, magic, or other assistance that is required if hero is to succeed
      - Helpers & Villains
        
        mostly women figures, both helpers and villians
        
        as helpers not always good for quest
        
        Circe in Odyssey
        
        some overlap between helpers and villans
      - Villains
        
        Often not human
        
        monsters, wild beats (uncivilized)
        
        gender (obstacles due to females)
        
        non-Greeks
        
        Helpers
        
        Princesses
        
        female traits
        
        often abandoned by heroes
        
        represent female dangers, offset quest
    - - Perseus
        
        Birth
        
        son of Zeus
        
        Mother: Danae, daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos
        
        Prophecy: Danae son is supposed to kill Acrisius
        
        Acrisius locks up Danae, Zeus in the form of a golden shower impregnates Danae. Acrisius locks up Danae and son in a box and sends them off to sea.
        
        They land in the Island of Seripos, Polydectes falls in love with Danae, and sends Perseus away to slay Medusa so that he can marrry her
        
        Problem: Ovid's Metamorpishes as main source. Known literary works lost/or fragmented
        
        Medusa
        
        Sent by Polydectes to get Medusa's head
        
        Polydectes challenge exaggerated because of Perseus boasting
        
        Divine Help
        
        Hermes sandels, fighting weapons
        
        Athena's on how to defeat Medusa
        
        The Graeae (The Grey Ones), steals an eye from them to find Medusa
        
        Perseus beheads Medusa
        
        Description of Medusa
        
        Monster vs. beautiful women
        
        after death
        
        still dangerous
        
        female powers
        
        Atlas
        
        Atlas refuses to give refuge to Perseus, therefore Perseus turns him into stone
        
        Andromedea
        
        Mother of Andromeda boasts she is more beautiful then the sea nymphs. Poseidon punishes the entire community by sending sea monster.
        
        Cepheus has to sacrifice Andromedea to the monster, but is saved b Perseus.
        
        Perseus has to fight Phineue (ANdromeda finace) to marry her.
        
        The return to Seriphos and then Argos
        
        Acrisius is killed by a discus thrown by Perseus, therefore prophecy is furfilled
        
        Killing polluted Argos, therfore cant become king there, therefore becomes the king of Tiryns, later finds Mycenae
        
        Worship
        
        almost no mention of his death
        
        cult sites
        
        Athens, Seriphos, Argos (Where Medusa's head is buried)
        
        at Argos, Gorgophon "gorgon slayer", attributed to Perseus daughter
        
        grave nerby
      - Bellerophon
        
        Birth
        
        Father: Glaucus, king of Corinth
        
        Other accounts: Poseidon
        
        Mother: Queen Eurymede
        
        Exile for Murder (either killing a nobleman or his brother)
        
        Goes to King Proteus (brother of Acrisius) of Argos, to be purified of murder
        
        Proteus wife tries to seduce Bellerohon. but he rejects her
        
        As revenge she accusses Bellerophon of rape to Acrisius
        
        Proteus sends Bellerophone to Lycia, king Iobates (father of Proteus's wife), later sends Iobates a letter to kill Bellerophone
        
        Iobates cant kill Bellrophon, because he is a guest, therefore sends him to kil Chimera
        
        The Chimera
        
        3 more items...
        
        Iobates sends him on addition labours
        
        2 more items...
        
        Iobates realizes it isn't working
        
        mentions letter to Bellerophone, Bellerophone tells him he didnt rape Proteus' wife
        
        Iobates gives daughter and becomes successor to throne
        
        Attempt to Reach Olympus
        
        Tries to use Pegeaus to reach Olympus
        
        angers gods, sends gadfly
        
        either becomes lame or blind
        
        Worship
        
        Corinth, according to Pausains
      - Jason
        
        Birth
        
        father is Aeson
        
        half brother of Aeson is Pelias
        
        Aeson overthrown by Pelias
        
        Mother: contradictions, but generally royal ties
        
        Pelias usurps the throne, tells Jason to get the golden fleece, and will give up the kingdom
        
        Favorite of Athena and Hera
        
        the Argonauts (nauts means sailors)
        
        Argo (ship)
        
        helped built by Athena
        
        magical ship and can talk
        
        includes HEracles, Theseus and Orpheus
        
        Colchis and Medea
        
        Corinth, Creon,Creusa
        
        Death
        
        after he abandons Medea, loses Hera's favor
        
        dies alone and miserable
        
        piece of the Argo falls on him
        
        Worship
        
        cult shrines at Colchis
      - Odysseus
        
        Birth
        
        Father: Laertes, King Ithaca
        
        Distantly related to Zeus
        
        Mother: Anticleia, Queen
        
        daughter of Autolycus, son of Hermes
        
        explaning cunning qualities
        
        Name
        
        "to be angry with, cause suffering, lament"
        
        named by Autolycus
        
        Trojan Horse
        
        his life
        
        Life prior to the Trojan War
        
        Sources long after Homer
        
        Attempt to avoid the Trojan War, by pretending to be crazy
        
        Achilles and Skyros
        
        Homers' Iliad
        
        Odysseus
        
        pretty good warrior
        
        most eloquent and diplomatic of Greeks
        
        thoughtful and cunning
        
        fav of Athena
        
        Cunning Intelligence
        
        Description of metis, trait of Athena
        
        Polumetis, "very clever"
        
        Polutripis, "very tricky"
        
        like Athena, many talents
        
        warrior
        
        cunning
        
        good craftmen
        
        Persuasive speaking
        
        lot of tragedies present him as self-serving
        
        Sophocles Ajax and Philoctetes
        
        Odysseus wins Achilles armor through speech
        
        Euripides
        
        Varies
        
        Passive Heroics
        
        gets around hardship, lies in ambush, does not revel his thoughts and feelings
        
        planning and thinking
        
        Ambiguity
        
        family vs. self serving
        
        Polyphemus and Cyclopes
        
        adventure into foreign lands
        
        explanination of Greek colonization and dangers of sea travels
        
        Monsters
        
        Syclla: female monster
        
        Charybdis: female monster
        
        Penelope
        
        representation as equal
        
        celver, patient and thoughtful
        
        Comparison
        
        Vergil's Aeneid
        
        Katabasis: descent into underworld
        
        Aeneid
        
        Aeneas mission through future people/ancestors
        
        transformation to becoming founder of Rome
        
        Book 6
        
        Odyssey
        
        not immortality
        
        just wants to get back home
    - - Historical figures more as Heroes
        
        6th BCE on
        
        Tyrannicides at Athens
        
        Haramodius and Aristogeiton slay Hipparchus (tyrants) in 514BCE
        
        Association with democracy, Isonomia (equal right under the law), after they have left tyrants got ridden off they brought democracy and justice
        
        statues, songs, sacrifices were attributed to him
        
        Roman form
        
        Statues, new meaning after Ceaser was removed
        
        war dead (Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE)
      - Differences
        
        Historical heroes
        
        good scarifices
        
        not focusing on the bad things they do
        
        death served community-> morally good
      - Tragedies and fictional heroes
        
        Portrayal become less porsitive over time
        
        criticism over there characters
        
        Contrast to Theseus
        
        legendary Athenian (considered a historical figure)
        
        justice and democracy
  - - - lacking
      - Heroines in general: attempt to understand world
      - woshipped at tombs
      - quest heroes no counterpart for heroines
    - - Almost no female historical figures as heroines
      - Female characters in tragedy
        
        Frequent
        
        Settings, contrast to epic, more complex world
        
        challenged to status quo
      - motives different from those of heroes
        
        common motive of protection of family
      - actions different
        
        cunning, planning, courage
      - rooted in more human desires/action
        
        contrast to epic
        
        moral quality
    - - "New heroes"
        
        Christopher Jones, New Heroes in Antiquity: From Achilles to Antinoos (2010)
        
        historical figures: worshipped as heroes for social and/or civic acts
        
        transition from mythic heroes to new Heroes/Heroines
        
        Clymenestra, Medea, HEcuba
        
        new heroines-> all murderers
        
        sense of betrayal, have a sense of wrong, reason of thier actions
      - Non Violent Figures
        
        Sophocles Antigone:Antigone
        
        burial of the brother that has been unburied, when two brothers have been killed in a civil war
        
        King Creon refuses to bury one brother
        
        King Creon sends her to die, but she kills herself
        
        Euripides Hecuba: Polyxena
        
        daughter of Hecuba and Priam
        
        portrayal of Greeks as uncivilized, take part in human sacrifices
        
        death portrayed as a defiance of male power
    - - Main Narrative
        
        Euripides
        
        Iphigenia in Aulis 405 BCE)
        
        Where she is sacrificed
        
        Military failure of Athenian generals (in his historical time)
        
        Athenian generals are too blood thirsty, same as Greeks who are willing to sacrifice
        
        Iphigenia swapped out for a deer by Artemis
        
        Iphigenia at Taurus 414 BCE
        
        After she is saved by Artemis, becomes a presetessess of Artemis, performing human sacrifices, she wants to return to Greece
      - Edith Hall, Adventures with Iphigenia in Tauris: A cultural history of Euripides Black Sea Tragedy (2013)
        
        Iphigenia is a quest Heroine
        
        modifies Auden's list
        
        her list
        
        be protagonist of a story that does not revolve around romance, sex, marriage, or parenthood
        
        travel far
        
        have a relationship with a god or goddess
        
        have moral and intellectual activity
        
        be courageous and lead others
        
        be a role model