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Course Mind Map ((Community Ecology (Diversity (Diversity and Scale (image…

- - - - Nurse Plants: Alter small area of habitat below to help seedlings, but not plants above them
        
        Ex. Horn Shaped pods of milkweed #
      - One organism helps another without benefit: Facilitation
        
        Models of beneficial interactions=Less well developed
        
        The relationships are not free
        
        Natural selection facors org.s that reduce cost
        
        pollinators work flowers
        
        losing pollen/nectar
        
        without predation all species may live everywhere
        
        Lotka-Volterra model modified #
      - Two organisms benefit from relation: Mutualism/Mutualistic Relationship
    - - Keysone Species: species that dramatically affects community
        
        almost always must remove to determine effect
        
        difficult to identify
        
        has impact out of proportion to its size
      - Food Web: network of numerous interrelationships
        
        Difficult to trust because they're so incomplete
        
        Extremely difficult to construct for real communities
        
        Shows flow of energy through community (energy flow web)
      - Food Chains: simplest observations of species interactions
        
        Direct line of Consumption
      - Trophic Levels: plant, omnivore, carnivore, decomposer
    - - Diversity and Latitude
        
        40 mya Ice of Antartica formed killing plants
        
        Many theories
        
        Almost no Ice-free land far south
        
        Antartica: Largest landmass but covered ice
        
        Oldest: Tropical Regions have benign environments
        
        Far Northern/Far Southern=Less diversity than Equator
      - Diversity and Scale
        
        Larger area=more tophograpy, soil, geology
        
        correlation: More land related to More diversity
        
        Ex. Entire earth, USA, Oklahoma, Ada
        
        Scale: Size and Quantity of area scanned
      - Different Categories #
        
        presence, absence, abundance
        
        Plant storage
        
        Feeding habits
      - Check List: Count of species
        
        Always incomplete
        
        impossible to count all microbiology
        
        All parks and wildlife preserves
      - Easier to see than quanify
    - - Predator Selection Among Multiple Prey
        
        Optimal Diet Model: Four Predictions
        
        If high yield prey becomes scarce, predator successful by broadening its diet
        
        predator prefers most energy w/ least handling time
        
        Optimal Foraging Theory: Interactions between these factors #
        
        Three Factors: probability of encounter, decision to attack when encountered, probability of success
        
        Difficult fruit to crack open or digest?
        
        Poisonous or Spiny?
        
        Rare species=consumed less
      - One Predator, One Prey
        
        Paradox of Enrichment: Improving conditions for prey lead to over exploitation of prey (Both Lost)
        
        Line indicating population stability: Zero growth isocline
        
        Lotka-Volterra Model:
        
        a: attack rate, P: # predators present
        
        N: individual prey in community
        
        dN/dt:rate change prey population
        
        Functional Response: Feeding rate+Handling time
        
        Prey-Dependent: functional response depends prey density
        
        Too many predators=Competition
        
        Leads to Carrying capacity of Predators
        
        Predators keep prey from passing carrying capacity
        
        Plant/Omnivore=Prey/Predator
- - - - short regions self complimentary strand
  - - - Readily Change position among chromosomes
      - Two Basic forms: transposons and insertion sequences
        
        Insertion sequences
        
        code for enzymes that cut and splice
        
        Transposons
        
        like insertion sequence, but much longer
        
        codes for proteins not associate with transpostion
      - used for genetic analysis and engineering
  - - - reacts with cytosine
      - converts cytocsine to Uracil
- - - - rate of crossing-over directly related to spacing between genes
  - - - In plants easy to obtain large numbers
      - during mitosis no way to tell which pole will receive which allele
      - Genes move independently
- - - - Nucleotides diffuse
        
        Acs as substrates for DNA polymerase
        
        enters&adds deoxy. nucleotides.
        
        Turned to primer RNA
        
        NOT deoxyribonucleotides
      - formed at seperation of strands
- - - - predict probability of genotype and pheno type
    - - also occurs plant w same genotype
- - - - at the tip sporangium is open and mature
      - makes sporangium long and horn-like
      - replaced by more cells from basal meristem
    - - just above foot is a meristem that makes sporang. tissues
  - - - egg lies below short neck and neck canal
        
        surrounded by thallus cells
    - - special mucialge chamber forms
        
        as sperm mature, sterile outer cells change chloroplast to chromoplasts
        
        chamber expands as antheridia grow
        
        cells lining chamber become antheridia
    - - alters broken down cells chemically
- - - - Thallus: Body
        
        side by substrate bears unicellular rhizoids
        
        Stratified and tend to be thicker
        
        no roots, stems, or leaves
      - Flat Ribbon-like or heart shaped w/ bilateral symmetry
      - Show less resemblance to moss
    - - two rounded lobes w/ no midrib
      - resembles moss: thin leaves&slim stems
- - - - outer and inner layer of sterile cells
  - - - all mosses oogamous #
      - gametophore makes gametangia
        
        Archegonia make eggs
        
        single egg at base of neck
        
        neck of vase is hollow at maturity
        
        shaped like vase
        
        sperm produced in antheridia
        
        outermost layer of sterile cells
        
        short stalk
    - - grow upright to make gametophore
      - cytoplasmic cells form on protonema
      - mitosis->protonema: network of these cells
      - sends out long chlorphyllous cell
      - begins w germination
    - - Leptoid: cells like sieve cells
        
        Lack nuclei
        
        interconnect w/ adjacent cells
        
        elongated
      - hyroids: cells that conduct water&dissolved minerals.
    - - Moss Stems
        
        stem tissues: cortex
        
        surface layer not epidermis
        
        slender&little tissue dif
      - Not homologous with vascular plants
      - Gametophores: Leafy Stems
        
        Leaves
        
        one cell thick except @ midrib
        
        Midrib & Three rows
        
        apical meristem/prominent apical cell
        
        derivative cells subdivide: tissues
        
        Grow closely together
        
        form dense mounds
- - - - Up to 4 cm
      - contained well developed vascular tissue
    - - allowed anchor and absorption which allowed tremendous size
  - - - All living species are small herbs
      - Homosporous
    - - heterosporous
      - ligule on surface of leaves
        
        Ancient
      - Inside megaspore wall, megagametophytes develop
    - - quillworts
        
        grow muddy places
      - Heterosporous
- - - - Protostele: solid mass of xylem with no pith
        
        Endarch protostele: protoxylem in center w/ metaxylem @ outer edges
        
        Protoxylem: xylem that differentiates where cells are small and thin
        
        metaxylem: Differentiates after cells expanded
        
        Exarch Protostele: Metaxyle at center protoxylem at exges
        
        Siphonostele: pith is present
        
        Ferns and seed plants
  - - - Grew in small bunches
      - upper portions of stems had cuticcle
- - - - Two sister clades
        
        Lignophytes: woody plants
        
        Monilophytes: ferns and cern allies
      - roots have exxarch xylem
      - 30 kilobase inversion
      - megaphylls
  - - - The two simplest of living vascular plants
        
        Tmersipteris
        
        Limited to Australasia and other South Pacific Islands
        
        Psiotum: Whisk ferns
        
        No pith
        
        Branch dichotomously
        
        prostrate rhizomes and upright stems
        
        highly derived&simplified ferns
    - - eusporangium:
      - Leptosporangia:
  - - - Trimerophyton
        
        Overtopping
      - Psilophyton
      - Pertica
        
        Pseudomonopodial branching