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Analysis of the Concept of Education (Critical Remarks about Peters'…

- - - - Achievement does not specify an activity, but the outcomes achieved by that activity.
        
        Education is the state of being achieved by certain activities.
        
        Education lays down criteria to which activities must confirm.
    - - Issue with deliberateness: do non-deliberate, effortless, natural acquisitions of knowledge count as educational achievements?
      - Issues with initiation:
        
        Does initiation require formal, deliberate acts?
        
        Is initiation even crucial?
        
        Does initiation require a methodology?
        
        Can the term initiation be replaced by something else?
  - - - Acquiring education is something worthwhile and desirable.
        
        But this term doesn't tell us what is valuable in education
        
        One cannot avoid making value judgements in education.
        
        The value achieved by education is intrinsically valuable: education is valuable for its own sake and not just for extrinsic purposes like better employment prospects.
        
        Education is primarily concerned with providing worthwhile goals for life.
      - Just because education is valuable doesn't mean that everything of value is educational.
        
        Educational value can be found within a limited set of achievements.
    - - Criteria for Knowledge
        
        Breadth
        
        Education is an ideal that no one can fully achieve as no one knows everything.
        
        But an educated person is one who has mastered a wide range of types of knowledge.
        
        Minimum breadth requirement is a comprehension of and familiarisation with all the logical types of knowledge:
        
        Logic
        
        Empirical science
        
        Human science
        
        Aesthetics
        
        Ethics
        
        Philosophy
        
        Perhaps religion
        
        An education lacking any one of these forms of knowledge is deficient.
        
        Difference between education and training:
        
        Training is narrow and focuses on the knowledge of a narrow set of tasks.
        
        There is a paucity of understanding and mastery required for education.
        
        Education is everything that training is not.
        
        Depth
        
        Both knowledge and understanding required for depth.
        
        Knowledge is justified true belief.
        
        Without understanding, there can be no justification for a belief.
        
        Depth produces not just cold intellectual understanding, but corresponding attitudes and emotions as well.
        
        Breadth and depth complement each other:
        
        They enable us to see connections among various forms of knowledge.
        
        They lead to commitment to the truth, detail, and evidences.
      - Education without knowledge is logically impossible.
    - - Procedures must be consistent with the ends to be achieved.
      - Criteria for an Educational Procedure
        
        1) Must result in an educationally valuable achievement
        
        2) Must not infringe upon the wittingness/voluntariness of the participant
- - - - Substantiated because knowledge is justified true belief.
        Any infringement of someone's will is not going to produce a belief that is justified because such procedures do not allow for the understanding to occur. So it is the word JUSTIFIED that one must use as an anchor.
  - - - Refutations:
        
        This injustice is not of man's making as it is a cosmic injustice.
        
        Education is of such supreme value that no amount of training can replace it.
        
        Just because someone doesn't have the innate capability for it doesn't mean that we deprive them of opportunities to seek education.
        
        If we were to deprive people based on their capability, we shouldn't condemn them of ignorance either.
        
        Inequality is not inherent to education because it emphasises that education is inherently valuable to everyone.
        
        Agree with the critics because the justice is probably as man-made as it is cosmic.