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Course Mind Map (, , ), Flowers and Reproduction ( download (3) Stamens (…
Course Mind Map
Flowers and Reproduction
classification of fruit types
fleshy fruit
dry fruit
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
aggregate fruit
simple fruit
Accessory fruit
true fruit
inflorescence
indeterminate inflorescences
determinate inflorescences
Ovary position
half-inferior
perigynous
superior ovary
inferior ovary
Animal-Pollinated flowers
zygomorphic
actinomorphic
coevolution
Monoecious and Dioecious species
monoecy
dioecy
nonessential organs
perfect flower
imperfect flowers
essential organs
stigma and pollen incompatibility
compatibility barriers
cross-pollination
self pollination
Fruit development
pericarp
endocarp
mesocarp
exocarp
fruit
Embryo and Seed Development
seed coat
albuminous seed
exalbuminous seed
radicle
cotyledons
hypocotyl
epicotyl
suspensor
Fertilization
endosperm nucleus
endosperm
karyogamy
plasmogamy
Carpels
placentae
ovules
nucellus
ovary
style
stigma
gynoecium
Stamens
tapetum
microspore mother cells
anther
filament
androecium
Petals
corolla
perianth
Sepals
calyx
Flower structure
Incomplete flowers
complete flowers
receptacle
pedicel
gametes
zygote
sporophyte generation
heteromorphic generations
alternation of generations
spores
megaspores
microspores
fertilization or syngamy
gametophyte
pollen tube
microgametophytes
vegetative cell
generative cell
megagametophytes
synergids
egg apparatus
antipodal cells
polar nuclei
central cell
embryo sac
megagametes
microgametes
eggs
sperms
fragmentation
seeds
Vascular Plants Without Seeds
vascular cryptogams
ferns and fern allies
Eusporangia
Leptosporangia
Form Genera
sori
Ferns
leaf gap
leaf trace
leptosporangiate ferns
Equisetophytes
monopodial growth
sporangiophore
horsetails or scouring rushes
Monilophytes
euphyllophytes
lignophytes
Origin of Megaphylls (Euphylls)
euphyllophytes
sporophyll
webbing
planation
telome theory
megaphylls
Trimerophytes
pseudomonopodial branching
overtopping
Extant Genera
ligule
Heterospory
cones or strobili
Morphology
microphylls
enations
Zosterophyllophytes
protostele
seed plants
siphonostele
exarch protostele
endarch protostele
Rhyniophytes
equal dichotomous branching
transformation theory
interpolation hypothesis
monobiontic
dibiontic life cycle
Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism
Viruses
bacteriophages
split genome viruses
retroviruses
DNA sequencing
Polymerase chain reaction
DNA cloning
YACs
is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene. In a typical cloning experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid.
plasmid
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
DNA denaturation
DNA melting
glyphosphate
Genetically modified
mRNA Translation
Translation
initiation
tRNA
amino acid activation
amino acid attachment site
anticodon
Protein synthesis
ribosomes
70s ribosomes
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transcription
poly(A) tail
hnRNA
hairpin loop
RNA polymerase II
is a multiprotein complex. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
promoter region
Exons
Introns
Genetic code
codons
start codon
stop codons
messenger RNA (mRNA)
DNases
chromatin
nucleosome
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA sequence analysis
genetic engineering
recombinant techniques
differential activation of genes
Algae and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cell
Euglenoids
Oomycetes
Dinoflagellates
red tide
yellow-green algae
Golden-Brown Algae
coccolithophorids
Diatoms
diatomaceous earth
brown algae
trumpet cells
pneumatocyst
receptacles
conceptacles
littoral zone
laminarin
floridean starch
agar
pit connections
streptophytes
archaeplastids
red algae
zoospores
conjugation
charophytes
dibiontic
monobiontic species
isogamous
anisogamy
oogamy
gametangia
sporangia
nation of isomorphic generations
allternation of heteromorphic generations
parenchymatous body
siphonous body
motile colonies
Nonmotile colonies
filamentous body
membranous body
cytokinesis
green algae
phycoplast
autogenous theory
endosymbiont theory
Primary endosymbiosis
secondary endosymbiosis
heterokonts
endosymbiosis
protozoans
algae
embryophytes
Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Asterid Clade
lamiids
iridoid compounds
rosid clade
malvids
fabids
Caryophyllales
perisperm
betalains
anthocyanin pigments
commelinoid monocots
septa
septal nectaries
uniaperturate
basal angiosperms
monocots
tepals
eudicots
ranalean flower
generalized
pistil
zygomorphy
sympetally
primitively vesselless
lacked vessels because their ancestors lacked them.
secondarily vesselless
double fertilization
magnoliophyta
closed carpel
angiosperm carpels
Genetics
Maternal inheritance
ovule parent
pollen parent
uniparental inheritance
biparental inheritance
replicon
semiconservative replication
DNA polymerase
primer RNA
Lethal alleles
paralogs
polypoid
Quantitative trait loci
pleiotropic effects
Independent assortment
Parental type chromosomes
recombinant chromosomes
replication fork
Mutation
mutagen
inversion
insertion
deletion
point mutation
ligated
test cross
pure-bred lines
A true-breeding organism
Multiple Alleles
Three or more alternative forms of a gene (alleles) that can occupy the same locus.
dihybrid cross
tiple alleles
insertion sequences
transposon
somatic mutation
Monohybrid cross
Complete Dominance
recessive
dominant
most important, powerful, or influential.
Incomplete dominance
heterozygous
homozygous
parental generation
Punnett square
phenotype
genotype
alleles
Leaves
Petiole
abscission zone
Leaf Scar
Leaf traces
Stipules
Leaf blade (lamina)
dorsal surface
Spines
Tendrils
Basal Angiosperms and Eudicots
Leaf primordium
Monocots
Vascular Tissues
bundle sheath
bundle sheath extension
Mesophyll
Palisade parenchyma
Spongy mesophyll
Insect traps
types
Bud Scales
Leaves of Conifers
Sclerophyllous Foliage Leaves
Epidermis
Succulant leaves
Transport Processes
water potential
pressure potential
megapascals
osmotic potential
matric potential
P-protein
callose
isolation mechanisms
diffusion
osmosis
s
symplast
apoplast
eutrophication
incipient plasmolysis
cohesion-tension hypothesis
transstomatal transpiration
transcuticular transpiration
aquaporins
molecular pumps
active transport
intracellular transport
freely permeable
completely impermeable
selectively permeable
Guard cells
long-distance transport
short-distance transport
Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts
Hornworts
The Sporophyte Generation
elaters
liverworts
thallose liverworts
thallus
archegoniophore
air pores
antheridiophore
leafy liverworts
The Sporophyte Generation
calyptra
peristome teeth
operculum
seta
capsule
foot
Reproduction
archegonia
antheridia
Development
protonema
rhizoids
Water transport
hydroids
leptoids
Morphology
gametophores
Mosses
Nonvascular plants
vascular cryptogams
spermatophytes
Community Ecology
food chain
food web
energy flow web
keystone species
nurse plants
primary succession
metapopulation
optimal foraging theory
optimal diet model
exploitation competition
interference competition
apparent competition
mutualism
maximum sustained yield
fixed effort harvesting
fixed quota harvest
source habitat
fugitive species
assisted dispersal
functional response
prey dependent
zero growth isocline
species area relationship
species abundance distribution
habitat loss
habitat fragmentation
succession
climax community
community restoration
community
paradox of enrichment
Population Genetics and Evolution
Oxygen
oxidizing atmosphere
Convergent Evolution
reducing atmosphere
Second atmosphere
Chemosynthesis
Adaptive Radiation
Genetic drift
Biological reproductive barrier
Postzygotic internal isolation barriers
hybrid in-viability
hybrid sterility
sympatric speciation
Abiological reproductive
Allopatric
Vegetative Propagation
Pollen transfer
Speciation
Divergent speciation
re-productively isolated
Phyletic
Gene flow
Mutation
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Population Genetics
Gene pool
Development and Morphogenesis
endogenous rhythms
Ripeness to Flower
Leaf Abscission
Troposims
Apical Dominace
Cell Elongation
Cytokinins
Communication within the plant
Perception and Transduction
Perception time
statoliths
statocytes
Morphogenic Responses
Temperature
Touch
Gravity
Light
Roots
Root Nodules and Nitrogen Fixation
infection thread
root nodules
Nitrogen Fixation
Zone of elongation
Zone of Maturation/ Root Hair Zone
root hair zone
root hairs
Haustorial Roots of Parasitic Flowering Plants
haustoria
Mycorrhizae
ectomycorrhizal relationship
endomycorrhizal association
Aerial Roots of Orchids
Contractile Roots
Prop Roots
buttress roots
Mature Portions of the Root
Storage Roots
Root Apical Meristem
quiescent center
root cap
mucigel
Roots of Strangler Figs
Classification and Systematics
artificial classification system
kingdom plantae
isotypes
parsimony
unresolved polychotomy
basal angiosperms
eudicots
most recent common ancestor
paraphyletic group
symplesiomorphy
cladogram
clade
apomorphy
ancestral condition
node
common ancestor
Cladistics
synapomorphies
homoplasies
species epithet
taxon
monophyletic
polyphyletic group
kingdom
division
class
order
family
binomial system of nomenclature
inheritance of acquired characteristics
natural system of classification
species
genus
genera
phylogeny
systematics
nomenclature
Biomes
polar biomes
permafrost
arctic tundra
Boreal coniferous forests
Taiga
woodland
savanna
Shrubland
chaparral
evergreen forest
Grasslands
temperate rain forest
Monate forests
temperate deciduous forest
desert islands
rain shadow
tundra
continental drift
Tropical rain forest
desert
Gond-wanaland
Populations and Ecosystems
Geographic Distribution
Demography
K- selection
R- selection
ecotypes
Predation
Competition
competitive exclusion
Niche
Mutualism
Soil factors
C horizon
B horizon
A horizon
pioneers
Climate
tolerance range
habitat
abiotic
biotic
Operational habitat
population
Community
ecosystem
Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flow...
ovuliferous scale
anthophytes
suspensor
a suspending part or structure: such as. a : a group or chain of cells that is produced from the zygote of a seed plant and serves to push the developing embryo into the endosperm.
proembryo
simple cones
cone bracts
compound cones
seed ferns
integument
pollen chamber
micropyle
gymnosperms
progymnosperms
angiosperms
manoxylic wood
pycnoxylic wood
lignophytes
spermatophytes
Structure of Woody Plants
Reaction wood
Outer bark
Cambium
Phellogen
Cork
inner bark
outer bark
cork cell (Phellum cell)
Secondary phloem
Growth rings
late wood
early wood
Heartwood and Sapwood
Parenchyma cells
Tylosis
ray tracheids
procumbent cells
upright cells
Wood cells
Soft wood
Hard wood
secondary xylem (wood)
radial system
axial system
Cambial cells
Storied cambium
Nonstoried cambium
Vascular cambium
Fascicular cambium
Interfascicular cambium
fusiform initials
Anticlinal wall
Periclinal wall
ray initials
secondary tissue
Meristem
primary tissue
Respiration
Three Pathways
GLYCOLYSIS
produces pyruvic acid
Occurs in cytosol
Two types: Anaerobic ( requires no oxygen) and Aerobic ( produces ATP)
begins the degradation process by breaking down glucose into a compound known as PYRUVATE
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Takes in Mitochondrial Matrix
Gives off:
uses the coenzyme NAD+ in order to stop hydrogen flow
the most prevelent and effective
Takes in: *Oxygen
uses Electron Transport Chain
Soils and Mineral Nutrition
hydrophobic solution
Organic fertilizer
Inorganic fertilizer
Nutrients need:
Fertilizers
nitric acid
sulphuric acid
phosphate rock
Nutrients
are divided into :
life on earth
MACRONUTRIENTS
non-mineral nutrients
carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen (H)
mineral nutrients
Magnesium
nitrogen (N)
amino acids/proteins, nucleotides/nucleic acids, chlorophyll
Potassium (K)
Phosphorus (P)
MICRONUTRIENTS
silica (Si)
cobalt (Co)
sodium (Na)
boron (B)
nickel (Ni)
chlorine (Cl)
molybdenum (Mo)
iron (Fe)
zinc (Zn)
oysters, beef, pork, and yogurt
copper (Cu)
Diversity of organisms 🍄🌾🌿
prokaryotae
prototista
plantae
Classified into
non-flowering plants
classified into
mosses
gymnosperms
ferns
flowering plants
is also called
angiosperms
classified into
dicotyledons
mocotyledons
fungi
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Apical meristem
Ground meristem
Pith
Cortex
Provascular tissue
Protoderm
Epidermis
Cork cambium (in some plants)
Phelloderm
Cork
Fasicular cambium
Vascular cambium
Secondary xylem
Secondary phloem
Cork cambium
Primary phloem
Primary xylem
Plant Tissues
Meristematic Tissue
Apical
Apical Meristems
Root
Stem
Vascular Bundle
Leaf
Intercalary
Lateral
Lateral Meristems
Cork Cambium
Vascular Cambium
Permanent Tissue
Simple
Parenchyma
a simple tissue composed of spherical-shaped cells
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Sclereids
Brachysclereids
Macrosclereis
Osteosclereids
Fibres
Extra Xylary Fibres
Xylary
Fibre Tracheids
Libriform Fibres
Geletinous Fibres
Protective
Complex
Phloem
Xylem
Growth and Division of the Cell
Plant growth
There several styles of cytokineses among green algae, but the rest of the plants use a phragmoplast.
Plant genomes are distributed over several linear DNA molecules, are associated with histone proteins, and these must be replicated and moved in a coordinated way to avoid cells with incomplete genomes.
Mitosis only refers to nuclear division and must be coordinated with a preceded binary fission of chloroplasts and mitochondria (the endosymbionts) to ensure that all progeny cell have complete cell components.
Growth can be by increasing cell numbers and/or by increasing cell size - body complexity is another dimension of plant growth
cells may double in size before mitosis
Cell Division
Cytokinesis
Ends after Mitosis ends
The division of the cells cytoplasm
Starts before end of Mitosis
Interphase
occurs first in cell division
Nucleus
Bounded by a nuclear envelope
Chromosomes are duplicated,but in the form of chromatin
Stages of Interphase
GAP 2:
Synthesis
GAP 1:
Chromosomes
Diploid (n): two sets of chromosomes are present in nuclei
Haploid (n): one set of chromosome in nuclei
Function/ Role
Meiosis
Spore formation: e.g. flowering plants🌼
Gamete formation in animals e.g. egg and sperm
Sexual reproduction
Gamete variation
Mitosis
Asexual reproduction
Gamete formation in flowering plants
Cell replacement
Cell divides
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis
Identical daughter cells
n+ 2 x n
Both diploid and haploid organisms
Mitosis
Not identical daughter cells
2n
diploid organisms only
Meiosis
Location in flowering plants
Ovule of ovary- haploid female spores
Anther of the stamen- haploid male spores
Mitosis
Telophase
Anaphase
centromeres move apart
Chromatids seperate and move towards cell ends
Metaphase
Spindle fibers fully develop
Prophase
Chromatin becomes coiled into chromosomes
kinetochores attach to kinetochores fibers
centrioles move away from each other
Asters formed in animal cells
Not dividing- Interphase
DNA replication
cell grows
organelles are made
proteins are made
