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Chapter 7 (prop roots (buttress roots (buttress, wind resistant, upperside…

- - - - forms radicle
- - - - function for several days then die
    - - lubricates passage for root
- - - - casparian strips
        
        control minerals
- - - - interior tissues
      - palisade parenchyma
        
        upper surface
        
        main tissue of most plants
      - spongy mesophyll
        
        lower portion
        
        either located in center or lacking
- - - - releasing water & loads sugar
- - - - linkage
- - - - transposon = genes that code for proteins and are longer.
      - insertion sequence contain genes that code for enzymes
- - - - Phenotype= size, shape, or metabolism
- - - - heterosporous reproduction
      - trees up to 8.4 m tall
- - - - seed cones = compound cones
- - - - short wide stem
      - leaves are reduced and scale like
      - mostly vines or small shrubs
- - - - FC + IC = vascular cambium
- - - - carries water through wood
        
        hardwood due to fibers, basal angiosperms & eudicots
        
        softwoods = little or no fibers, conifers
  - - - two types of ray parenchyma cells
        
        both may contain ray tracheids
        
        procumbent cells
        
        upright cells
      - cells store carbohydrates
- - - - empty patches will become colonized by migration from occupied patches
        
        populations within individual patches have a probability of going extinct within that patch
- - - - resource = and substance factor that lead to increased growth rates as its availability is increased and that its consumed by an organism
        
        biotic resources - attention of pollinators, seed dispersers, and mycorrhizal fungi.
        
        abiotic resources- light, water, minerals and space
      - invasive = when a species increased population density while a competitor is present
  - - - 1) predators should prefer whichever prey yields the most energy per unit of handling time. 2) if high-yield prey become sufficiently scarce, then predator would be more successful by lowering high energy diet to something easy to handle 3) some prey items will always be eaten if encountered, others will never be eaten even if easy to obtain. 4) plant will be eaten depends partially on the abundance of other plants that are easy to handle and have higher value
    - - 1) particular prey individual will be encountered, rare species are consumed less often. 2) decision by predator to attack, is plant poisonous, spiny, worth it? 3) attacked prey item will be successfully eaten
  - - - dependent on prey density = prey- dependent
- - - - progeny must differ from each other in their types of alleles
  - - - plants are too small for these events and most of the time will die
- - - - cell breakage results in peristome teeth, they respond to humidity bu bending inward and outward depending on if the air is dry or humid
    - - grow into a capsule = simple apical sporangium.. meiosis, haploid
        
        between sporangium and foot is the seta, and all moss sporophytes have it
  - - - antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophore
      - eggs occur in megagametangia called archegonia, each shaped like a vase with a long neck, egg located at base
      - sperms are produced in microgametangia called antheridia, consists of short stalk, outermost layer of sterile cells, and an inner mass of cells that differentiate into sperm cells
  - - - rhizoids = small, multicellular trichome-like structures that penetrate the surface of the substrate
      - majority of mosses lack hydroids and leptoids
        
        water is conducted along the exterior of their stems by capillary action
      - hydroids = conduct water and dissolved minerals
- - - - thallose liverworts
        
        less resemblance to mosses, not leafy, flat and ribbon like
      - leafy liverworts
        
        greatly resembles a moss
- - - - multicellular sporangia and gametangia
- - - - carrying capacity = number of individuals in each population that can live in a particular ecosystem
      - hardly occur in nature
- - - - herbivores = primary consumers
        
        carnivores prey on herbivores making them secondary consumers
        
        omnivores are at both trophic levels
- - - - frugivores = fruit eating animals
        
        herbivores = plant eaters
        
        predation = one species benefits and other is harmed
        
        commensal relationship= one species benefits and the other is not affected
      - ecotypes similar each other but are different species living in same ecosystem
        
        transplant experiment = plants from each site are transplanted into the alternate site
      - competition = disadvantageous
      - mutualism = if interaction between both organisms is beneficial
      - living factors; plant itself, other plants, animals, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes #
    - - components of habitat
        
        soil factors
        
        breakdown of rock
        
        pioneers are the first plants that invade new soil
        
        C horizon = parent rock and rock fragments
        
        B horizon = zone of deposition; humus and clay
        
        A horizon = uppermost; zone of leaching; litter and debris
        
        3 horizons
        
        tolerance range = high and low extremes of moisture
        
        climate has many components such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, winds, etc.
      - nonliving, physical; climate, soil, latitude, altitude, and disturbances