infertility

is the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of exposure to unprotected ses.
Infertility is classified as primary when the has been a pregnancy, while secondary infertility is the inability to fall pregnant for the second/subsequent times.

causes

possible causes for female tubal injury or blockage following infection or operation.
Ectopic pregnancy
Endometriosis
Ovulatory and hormonal dissorders
structural abnormalities
Presence of fibriods. polyps and cysts in the uterus, vagina or fallopian tubes
Lack of permeability of the cervical mucus which would allow penetration.

possible causes in males semen production, volume and density.
Motility and morphology/structure of sperms

assessment and common findings

abdominal scars or masses

nursing management

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Advising about timing of intercourse and

other behaviors -

smoking and alcohol

Š Helping couples to cope with social and

psychological burdens of infertility

Š Helping couples to consider non-medical

options such as adoption

tubal patency

history of contraceptive use

anatomical abnormalities such as impertorated vagina

health education

importance of attending counselling as required as the couple

risk factors

history of pelvic inflammotory diseases

pelvic injury

iuses of intrauterine contraceptive devices