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CONDITIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ABORTION (risk factors (age,…
CONDITIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ABORTION
definition
refers to the premature delivery of non visible foetus , spontaneous or induced before the 20th week of gestation
risk factors
age
hormonal
Congenital Structural Defect
Low Progesterone
Rh Incompatibility
Drugs.
pathophysiology
he most common cause of an abortion is abnormal fetal development, which is either due to a chromosomal aberration or a teratogenic factor
Another common cause is the abnormal implantation of the zygote, where there is inadequate endometrial formation or the zygote was implanted on an inappropriate site
This would cause inadequate development of the placental circulation, leading to poor nutrition of the fetus and eventually, to an abortion
Types
Threatened abortion. The embryo is already viable. The products of conception are still intact and the cervix is closed, but there is vaginal bleeding present
Complete abortion. All products of conception are expelled and the embryo is dead
Incomplete abortion. The embryo is dead but some products of conception are still intact.
Missed abortion. The embryo is already dead while inside the uterus
Habitual abortion. Abortion becomes recurrent once the woman has had 3 consecutive miscarriages at the same gestational age
signs and symptoms
Vaginal spotting
Vaginal bleeding
Cramping/sharp/dull pain in the symphysis pubis.
Uterine contractions felt by the mother
Diagnostic Tests
Pregnancy test
Ultrasound
Medical Management
Administration of intravenous fluids
Avoid vaginal examinations.
ultrasound examination to glean more information about the fetal
Surgical Management
Dilatation and evacuation
Dilation and curettage
Nursing Interventions
If bleeding is profuse, place the woman flat in bed on her side and monitor uterine contractions and fetal heart rate through an external monitor
measure intake and output to establish renal function and assess the woman’s vital signs
Measure the maternal blood loss by saving and weighing the used pads.
Save any tissue found in the pads because this might be a part of the products of conception
INFERTILITY
defination
inability of a couple to fall pregnant after 1 year of adequate exposure to unprotected sex
male causes
low semen quality
low sperm count
drugs
infection
radiation
female cause
ovulation problems
uterine problems
pelvic inflammatory disease
tubal blockage
endometriosis
diagnostic test
blood specimen for full blood count with emphasis white cell count to exclude infection
a blood specimen for hormonal amalysis
risk factors
medication
Chemotherapy
Illegal drugs
age
exposure to chemicals
smoking
treatment
The couple may be advised to have sexual intercourse more often around the time of ovulation
Erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation: Medication, behavioral approaches, or both may help improve fertility
Varicocele: Surgically removing a varicose vein in the scrotum may help
Blockage of the ejaculatory duct:
Sperm can be taken directly from the bladder and injected into an egg in the laboratory