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Chapter 10: Photosynthesis (Electron Carriers (Nicotinaminde (Form of…
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Secondary Xylem
Growth Rings
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Diffuse Porous
Ex) Yellow birch, aspen, sugar maple, and American holly
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Ring Porous
Ex) Red oak, sassafras, and honey locust
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Reaction Wood
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In branches or trunks that are not vertical, gravity causes a lateral stress
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Heartwood and Sapwood
The different 2 regions exist because vessels and tracheids do not function forever in water conduction
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The only real difference between primary and secondary xylem are the origin and arrangement of cells
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All cells formed to the interior of the vascular cambium develop into secondary xylem, known as wood
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Chapter 6: Leaves
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External Structure of Foliage Leaves #
2 Types of Leaves
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Simple Leaf
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Ex) Poplar, oak, and petiolar bundles
Compound Leaf
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The petiolule has an extension to the petiole, the rachis
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Sheathing Leaf Base
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Monocots with petioles and laminas - palms, aroids, and bird-of-paradise plants
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Petiole (Stalk)
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Long, thin, flexible petioles allow the blade to flutter in wind, cooling the leaf and brining fresh air to its surface
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Sessile Leaf
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Monocots - grasses, irises, lilies, agaves, and yuccas
Common - Arid, sunny regions
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Leaf Blade (Lamina)
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Flat, light-harvesting portion of the leaf
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Leaf Veins
Reticulate venation - In basal angiosperms and eudicots, they occur in a nettled pattern
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Parallel venation - In monocots with long, strap-shaped leaves, the larger veins run side by side with few obvious interconnections
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Chapter 7: Roots
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Origin and Development of Lateral Roots #
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Creating a small root primordium that organizes itself into a root apical meristem and pushes outward
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Internal Structure of Roots #
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Root Apical Meristem
Examined in relationship to the root tissues it produces, regular files of cells can be seen to originate in the meristem
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Root Cap
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Develop dense starch grains and their endoplasmic reticulum becomes displaced to the forward end of the cell
Provide effective protection, structure, and growth
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Chapter 16: Genetics
Mutation is any change, however large or small, in DNA
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Inversion
During repair, it is put in backward as an inversion
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Somatic Mutations
Ex) A gene in a leaf primordium cell may undergo a mutation, but since leaves are not involved in sexual reproduction, the mutation is somatic
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Mutations can occur at any time in any cell, but they happen in cells that never lead to sex cells, they are called somatic mutations
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Replicon
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With the double helix open, free nucleotides diffuse to regions of single-stranded DNA and pair with its bases along both strands
Before a cell undergoes nuclear division, either mitosis or meiosis
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Monohybrid Crosses
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When genes are polymorphic, having multiple alleles, numbers, and so on, are used rather than capital and lowercase letters
Within a population of plants, as many types of gametes can be produced as there are different types of alleles
Cross
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Within the population, mutations produce new alleles, and the genotypes of individuals within the population differ
The meiotic divisions that precede a cross reduce the number of sets of chromosomes per cell from the diploid number of the haploid number
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Chapter 27: Biomes
World Climate
Earth's climatic conditions are the result of its tilted axis of rotation and the presence of the atmosphere and oceans
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Continental Climate
Desert Islands - are extremely dry, often with no fresh water streams or lakes #
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Larger islands such as the Hawaiian Islands, Guam, and Puerto Rico have mountains that force air to rise as it blows across them
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Effects of Earth's Tilt #
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The most intense solar heating moves seasonally northward, then southward
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Chapter 20: Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
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