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the pituitary gland (functions: releases important peptide hormones…
the pituitary gland
functions: releases important peptide hormones
posterior lobe
(aka
neurohypophysis
)
releases hypothalamic hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
manufactured by neurons of the
supra-optic
decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys
at high concentrations, elevates blood pressure
Oxytocin (OXT)
manufactured by neurons of the
paraventricular nuclei
in women, stimulates contractile cells in the mammary glands and has a stimulatory effect on smooth muscles in the uterus
contains unmyelinated axons of hypthalamic neurons
anterior lobe
(aka
adenohypophysis
)
produces and releases hormones under hypothalamic control
pars distalis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the release of
glucocorticoids
by the adrenal cortex
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to secrete ACTH
Gonadotropins
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes
ovulation
and
progesterone
production in females and androgen production in males
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus promotes the pituitary's secretion of both FSH and LH
Prolactin (PRL)
from the pituitary
stimulates both the development of the mammary glands and milk production
Growth hormone (GH)
aka somatotropin
from the pituitary
stimulates cell growth and replication through the release of
somatomedins
(aka insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)) from liver cells
regulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH) from the hypothalamus
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
triggers the release of thryroid hormomes
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus promosts the pituitary's secreation of TSH
pars intermedia
(not active in normal adults)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
secreted by the pars intermedia during fetal development, early childhood, pregnancy, or certain diseases
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
pars tuberalis
location
hypothalamus is superior to the pituitary gland; connected by the infundibulum
hypothalamus
contains brain centers and endocrine tissue
regulates the activities by acting as an endocrine organ
releases hormones into the bloodstream at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
controls the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland by secreting
regulatory hormones
into the interstitial fluid via fenestrated capiliaries
releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH)
the
hypophyseal portal system
ensures that the regulatory hormones reach the intended target cells in the pituitary before they enter the general circulation
exerts direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla
infundibulum
slender, funnel-shaped structure
pituitary gland (aka
hypophysis
)
effects of abnormal pituitary hormone production
hypogonadism
children: do not mature sexually
adults: cannot produce functional sperm/ oocytes
