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poverty and hunger issues (poverty p (lacunae (same as written for high…
poverty and hunger issues
hunger as concept
its manifestations
malnutrition
lack of ability to perform an activity considered normal, eg: fighting diseases
meaning
manifestations
stunting
wasting
under weight
over-weight/obesity
wasting
under nourishment
indices/SDG goals
causes of hunger
hidden h
way forward
meaning
WHO -
poverty p
concept
acc to amertya sen, p refers to situation where poor people are deprived of basic necessities of life
its a broad concept consisting of deprivation of basic capabilities rather than merely lowness of income - many manifestations
social construct(ie constructed by s) due to unequal distribution of the benefits of growth and development - hence p can be perceived as violation of human rights provided it is the result of any act of omission or commission by the govt
basic capabilities / manifestatons
economical
access to job
equal pay for equal work
safe working env
if any above missing, there is eco p
political
political freedom
freedom of association, speech and expresion
social
access to 4AQ wrt health, edu and skills
cultural
preserve your cultural identity
approaches to p
nutritional
absolute approach, in developing countries
relative deprivation, in dev countries
indices
MPI
by UNDP and oxford p and human dev initiative
3 parameters - health(child mortality and nutrtion, edu(years of schooling and attendence, standard of living(floor, asset, cooking fuel, sanitation, electeicity ..)
SECC
by MoRD
3 aspects/parts
rural
by mord
urban
mourban dv
caste census
by MoHA
objectives
enumerating caste wise popn
socio-economic and edu condition of caste
ranking the households on the basis of their status
methodoly
automatic inclusion
by default u are under all govt schemes
without shelter
destitute -severly poor
manual scavenger
PVTG
bonded labour
automatic exclusion -end less list
deprivation indicators
no adult member b/w 16-59
female headed household with no adult male member
household with disabled
SC/STs
no literate adult above 25
deriving major l=income rom casual labour(no fiex employment)
house with kucchha wall and roof
depending on deprivation one comes under, he will reap benefit of govt scheme
pros
p line indicates no. of poor vs SECC identfies who are poor
SECC is a wholistic approach measuring quantum of deprivation
it is target oriented approach(deprivation indicatior helps) aka 'peacemeal engineering approach' involving public participation(individuals' data will be taken to gram sabha to verify)
cons
it hasnt released the caste data
success depends upon the credibility of the data
regualar updation of data involves huge public costs
7 deprivation indicators are insufficient - transgenders, malnourishment, IMR, MMR not included
causes
economic
rural - agri distress, lack of remuneratie charater of agri, lack of basic infra, alternative ...
urban p when - level of urbanisation>level of industrialisation
demographic
high fertility rate, age strucutre of fsmily(dependent>independent), disease burden(out of pocket exp) within the family
socio-cultural
joint family, patryarchy, caste system(occupational division of labour), dowry practice, social customs - funtions on marriage etc, education lack
climatic
flood, draught, cyclones
implications
govt efforts
planning(5 years plans) - approaches changed -trickle down to inclusive to empowerment
nationalisation of banks - financial inclusion of rural
20 point program during emergency - for upliftment of poor
govt schemes
wage employment - MGNRGA
self employment -startup india, standup india, MUDRA yojana
social security - ayushman bharat, national nutrition mission, pension and insurance schemes, edu schemes, right to education
food security - midday meal, food security act, poshan abhiyan, PDS system
miscelleneous - infra(rurban mission, smart city mission, pm gram sadak yojana)
lacunae
same as written for high fertility rate for govt lacunae
lack of awareness among beneficiaries
weak infra for implementation of schemes
lack of accountablity, mechanisms- social audits etc
lack of outcome based approach
can be divided wrt formulation, implementation, evaluation, and internalisation
govt visualise p in economic sphere only - narrow perception of p in govt schemes
SDGoals
statistics
we have successfully achieved MDG target wrt p ie to reduce p to half of its level by 2015 as compared to 1990
goal
1-end p in all its forms everywhere - 2 specific - eradicate extreme p(1.9 dollars per day) by 2030, and reduce atleast by half the p levels acc to national definitions
how to achieve the targets - can become way forward for p
implement social protection schemes to achieve substantial cversage of poor and vulnerable
ensure equal access to eco resources, access to basic services, technology, control over assets ec
build the resilience of poor to reduce their vulnerability to various forms of environmentsl, economic, social shocks and disasters
signifivcant mobilisation of resources through dev of cooperation b/w dev and developing nations
create a sound policy framework at all levels of governance which are pro poor and gender sensitive