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Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction (Asexual Reproduction (Fragmentation,…
Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
If middle portions of the plant die, the ends become separated and act as individuals
Certain modifications improve the efficiency of fragmentation
Fragmentation
A large spreading or vining plant grows to several meters in length, and individual parts become self-sufficient by adventitious roots
Within angiosperms, numerous methods of asexual reproduction have evolved
In many cacti, branches are poorly attached to the trunk, and the plant breaks apart easily
The parts then form roots and become independent
In some members of the saxifrage, grass, and pineapple families, plantlets are formed where flowers would be expected; these look like small bulbs and are called bulbils
Bulbils
Saxifrage
In willows and many thistles, adventitious shoot buds form on roots and then grow into plants
Willows
Thistles
Adventitious buds may grow out even while the parent plant is still alive, and a small cluster of trees may in fact consist of just a single individual
A grove of aspens that covers several acres in Utah has been discovered to be a single plant
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Aspens
Reproduction can serve different functions
Sexual Reproduction
Gametophytes
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Microgametophyte
Consisting of at most three cells located within the original pollen cell wall
Very small and simple
Fertilization
Karyogamy
Fusion of the nuclei
Plasmogamy
Fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
Flower Structure
Pedicel
The flower stalk
Receptacle
Where the other flower parts are attached
Flowers never become woody; secondary growth does not occur in flowers
Sepals
Stamens
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Known collectively as the androecium
The Plant Life Cycle
Zygote
Fertilized Egg
Syngamy
Feralization
Gametes can fuse with other gametes
Haploid Cells
Gametes
Sperms
Eggs
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
Compatibility Barriers
Chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent pollen growth
Stamen and Style Maturation
Self-fertilization in flowers that have both stamens and carpels is prevented if anthers and stigmas mature at different times
Cross-Pollination
Self-Pollination
Is the pollination of a carpel by pollen from a different individual
