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Skill Related Fitness Components (MUSCULAR POWER (FACTORS AFFECTING (Force…
Skill Related Fitness Components
ANAEROBIC CAPACITY
The total amount of energy obtainable from the anaerobic energy systems
The amount of ATP that can be produced anaerobically during high intensity/short duration physical activity is finite
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Gender:
Males have increased muscle mass, more strength and greater capacity of fast twitch fibres
Muscle fibre type:
A greater percentage of fast twitch fibres will increase anaerobic capacity
Lactate tolerance:
A greater tolerance to the accumulation of lactate in the muscle will enable an athlete to continue exercise at high intensity using the anaerobic pathways.
Availability of fuel
: Once stores of Phosphocreatine and glycogen are exhausted energy production using the anaerobic pathways can’t continue
MUSCULAR POWER
The ability to contract muscles with speed and force in one explosive act
The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to exert a maximum amount of force in the shortest period of time
POWER = FORCE X VELOCITY
FACTORS AFFECTING
Force of contraction:
Frequency of motor unit stimulation, number and size of motor units recruited, number of cross-bridges in action and muscle length
Velocity of contraction
: is affected by the length of muscle
Muscle fibre type:
Fast twitch fibres can produce higher forces in shorter periods of time
SPEED
The ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible - DISTANCE / TIME
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Anaerobic energy production:
An efficient anaerobic energy system will produce ATP quickly
Muscle fibre type:
athletes with higher proportions of Fast Twitch Fibres
Muscle activation:
improved ability to recruit motor units through greater speed and frequency of nerve impulses as well as preferentially activating fast twitch fibres
Stiffness in connective tissue
: allows for increased energy transfer
Resistance to fatigue:
Improved resistance to fatigue will allow higher speeds to be maintained for longer
AGILITY
The ability to rapidly and accurately change the velocity or direction of the body in response to stimuli. Combination of quick reactions and decision making, strength, power, speed, flexibility, balance and co-ordination
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Decision making
: decision making in response to stimuli
Reaction time:
the speed at which the athlete can detect stimuli, make a decision and send signals to the muscle to change direction or velocity
Strength & power:
strong and powerful muscles will enable controlled body positions to be adopted and maintained
Speed:
associated with rapid increase in velocity and changes in direction
Flexibility:
Restricted joint mobility with inhibit the ability to place the body in an advantageous positions
Balance:
Good balance will allow the performer to take up controlled body positions when changing velocity or direction without falling over
Co-ordination:
Changing the direction and/or velocity of the whole body will require great co-ordination of body parts. All body parts must work in harmony to allow for good agility.
BALANCE
The ability to maintain equilibrium when stationary or moving
STATIC EQUILBRIUM: when an object is stationary and all the forces or torques acting on it total to zero
DYNAMIC EQUILBRIUM: when an object is moving with constant velocity and is not changing its state of motion
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Vision
: The eyes focusing on objects allows for a point of reference to position the body
Vestibular function:
Vestibular receptors in the inner ear provide information related to movement and head position and are used to control balance
Muscular function:
Strong and powerful muscles (particularly in the core) will enable balanced body positions to be adopted and maintained
Proprioception:
Proprioceptors in the joints provide information about the body’s position in space and are used to control balance.
REACTION TIME
The ability to respond to a stimulus quickly, the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the commencement of movement
Choice reaction time: The more choices possible means greater processing time and therefore slower reaction times
Simple reaction time: There is only one possible choice to the stimulus presented and reaction time will be very fast
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Age
: Reaction times improve up until about 20 years and then gradually increase as people age
Gender:
Males have faster reaction times but they will deteriorate at a faster rate
Type of stimulus
: Reactions to sound will be quicker than reactions to light
Anticipation
: The ability to predict future events and thereby minimise reaction times
Warning signals
: The presence of warning signals will cut down reaction times
Arousal
: If the athlete is under aroused, performance will be sluggish as they are not ready to receive information and will be slow to react and move. If the athlete is over aroused, performance will be affected by anxiousness, excitement or being over stimulated.
:
COORDINATION
The ability to carry out a harmonious series of movements or motor tasks smoothly and efficiently
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Balance:
Co-ordinated movements are less likely if the athletes is off balance
Rhythm:
Knowing when and how to time movements are critical
Synchronisation:
Required so that the limbs can be moved in harmony to produce complex movements
Kinaesthetic awareness:
Knowing where your body is in relation to the environment
Practice:
Levels of co-ordination will improve with practice.
Kinaesthetic differentiation
: Knowing how much force to apply to achieve a desired outcome