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Biofuel vs fossil fuel (Biofuel (Disadvantages (New technology (Cannot…

- - - - Reduces waste
      - Utilizes unused resources that would otherwise be wasted
  - - - Cannot cope with modern demand
    - - Only limited quantities come from by-products
    - - Incompatible with existing infrastructure beyond superficial level
  - - - Ethanol as a fuel additive
        
        Produced industrially through hydration of alkenes or haloalkanes
        
        Produced for fuel additives and drinks via fermentation
        
        Crops such as sugar cane
        
        Biomass such as waste vegetables
        
        Less popular option due to argricultural demands
        
        Results in environmental damage, land clearing
        
        Higher octane rating than petrol
        
        Offsets lower energy density
        
        Higher compressibility offers comparable efficiency
        
        Reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to petrol
        
        Less emitted during combustion
        
        Some CO2 absorbed during photosynthesis
      - Biodiesel as fuel or additive
        
        Can be produced from nearly any fatty acid
        
        Oils from corn, palm, coconut, sunflower, peanut
        
        Usually even, long chain, saturated or not
        
        Primarily produced with vegetable oil waste
        
        Reduces cost by utilizing otherwise useless materials
        
        Contains an ester group (R(C=O)R')
        
        Formed from breakdown of triglycerides, organism fats
        
        Triglyceride + short alcohol > ester + gylcerol
        
        Process called transesterification
        
        Utilizes biological catalyst (acid, base, enzyme)
        
        Almost always strong base e.g. K/Na OH
        
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        Can use enzyme
        
        Doesn't produce soap by product
        
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        Expensive to produce
        
        Diesels are alkanes from 8 to 21 carbons in chain
        
        Can be used up to 20% without modification
        
        100% with engines designed for it
        
        Increasingly used in aircraft, trains, heavy vehicles
        
        New engines optimized for high fractions of biodiesel
        
        Fuel characteristics
        
        Slightly lower energy density
        
        Slightly better fuel utilization characteristics
        
        Flashpoint
        
        Viscosity
        
        Specific heat
        
        Almost identical overall fuel efficiency
        
        Reduced greenhouse gas emission
        
        Less direct from combustion
        
        Production process absorbs some from atmosphere
- - - - Does not require modification to use
      - Widely available and produced
        
        Relatively low cost
        
        Highly accessible in urban areas
      - Highly studied and refined
    - - Powers transport
      - Provides energy
  - - - Both during production and use
      - Constantly increasing demand intensifies issue
    - - Highly negative societal view
      - Constantly increasing cost
  - - - Products of combustion
        
        High amounts of energy
        
        Used primarily to create electricity and move vehicles
        
        High amounts of environmentally damaging chemicals
        
        e.g. carbon dioxide in enhanced greenhouse gas effect
    - - Examples include coal, crude oil and natural gas
    - - Liquid fuels predominantly from crude oil
      - Solid and gas, used for energy rather than transport
        
        Coal and natural gas
      - Mined out of the ground
      - High emissions of CO2 during production and use