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Implementing language policy and planning through materials development…
Implementing language policy and planning through materials development (Part 1)
LLP
Microlevel (schools, teachers, students)
bottom-up -backward-mapping approach
Macrolevel (Ministry)
top-down -forward-mapping approach
Types of LPP
Corpus planning (lexico-grammar, phonology)
Status planning (extensive use in one domain)
a lack of 'fit' between policy and its implementation (Kennedy, 1999)
Macropolicy makers ignore or are not aware of conditions operating at microlevels (Hoa&Tuan, 2007)
Examples
Libya- teachers react against a curriculum innovation in which the policy does not match their own attitudes and beliefs
Malaysia-mismatch between macro and micropolicy (insuffient number of English-competent Science and Math teachers)
Language-in-education planning (Kaplan & Baldauf, 2003)
Curriculum policy- decides on the organization and content + assessment
Materials and methods policy- is concerned with what pedagogic resources are available and how the materials are going to be taught
Personnel policy- deals with teachers
Resourcing policy -allocates funding
Community policy-engages local communities
Evaluation policy -considers how the effectiveness and efficiency of the policies above mentioned can be measured
Recommendations (Aftab, 2012)
a flexible curriculum so syllabi can be adapted to local contexts with appropriate textbooks selected
the training of local materials writiers who will be able to match macrolevel LPP with microlevel educational needs
greater involvement of school administrators, teachers, students in planning
matching learners' needs and wants with their future job requirements
Enever & Moon (2009)
For successful implementation of such programmes continuing resourses are required with ongoing teacher training and development
Materials need to be age-related and culturally appropriate
There should be communication between primary and secondary instituations so that there can be a continuity of approach
'Adaptive' policies - not fixed but are designed to be flexible to changing local contexts (Swanson & Bargwhal, 2009)
identifying the key factors that might affect successful future operation of the policy
selecting suitable indicators of performance to evaluate policy success
understanding the context and the issues involved