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non neighbours (germany(g) (economic (largest trading partner in europe -…

- - - - in gurugram
      - funding - 1 million each annually
- - - - official meeting b/w
        foreign & defence ministers of i & US
    - - 1st meet - sept 2018
      - same dialogue with japan and australia
    - - outcomes
        
        signing of ISA
        
        US agreed to join CDRI - coalition for disaster resilient infra
        
        dev on DTTI SoP
        
        SSA agreement
        
        space situational awareness - keeping track of objects in orbit and predicting where they will be at any given time
        
        to cooperate for exchange of information wrt SSA
        
        signing of water agreement
        
        promote technical cooperation in water resources management and water technology
        
        signing of S&T agreement, 2019
        
        updates and replaces the 2005 Agreement
        
        provides framework for S&T collaboration
        
        YIIP
        
        young Innovators internship programme
        
        to create short-term internship opportunities in US for Indian students at post-secondary level or recent graduates
  - - - US
        
        you are either with us or against us
        
        didn't recognise NAM
      - i - post colonial states to have independent foreign policy
    - - i against it
      - US's actions in line with it
      - meaning
        
        extending country's power by use of force or other means
    - - wrt i
        
        ideological similarities
        
        anti imperialism
        
        planned - socialistic dev model
        
        i-USSR friendship and cooperation treaty 1971
        
        criticism by world: violates NAM
        
        i's stand: not a military alliance
        
        signed to counter US's support to pak in 1971 war
      - US's rival
    - - wrt US
        
        joined US bloc
        
        supported in 1971 war
      - i's rival
  - - - unipolar world - post cold war
      - US wanted to fill vacuum - 2000 - US president (bill clinton) visited i after 22 year
    - - huge incoming of foreign capital esp from US
      - boost to US supported capitalism ideology
    - - skilled professionals (esp IT sector) went to US (esp silicon valley)
      - beneficial for both countries
    - - 2001- 9/11
        
        i fully supported - US uplifted sanctions made after pokhran 2 test
        
        US launched "war on terror"
      - dec 2001
        
        i's parliament attack
        
        US supported
      - 2008 - 26/11
        
        US sent forensic experts
    - - nuclear treaty
        
        2005 - i-US signed 'civil-nuclear agreement'
      - both countries to benefit from partnership
      - 2010 - obama supports i's demand of permanent seat to security council
    - - US blamed pak for kargil war (but didn't support i either)
  - - - COMCASA
        
        communication compatibility and security agreement
        
        indian version of CISMOA
        
        signed in 2018 2+2 dialogue
        
        allows US to transfer communication security equipments to i
        
        issues
        
        US may access i's tactical info
        
        integrating with existing russian security system may be challenging
      - GSOMIA
        
        general security of military info agreement
        
        signed in 2002
        
        allows US's govt & defence manufacturers to share classified info with i's govt & public defence manufacturers
        
        ISA
        
        industrial security annexure
        
        signed in 2nd 2+2 dialogue
        
        covers GSOMIA to i's private defence manufacturers
        
        enables industry to industry co-development and co-prodn in defence sector
      - LEMOA
        
        logistics exchange MoA
        
        signed in 2016
        
        allows both militaries access to each others' military facilities - refuelling, replenishment
        
        access isnt automatic or obligatory
      - BECA
        
        basic exchange and cooperation agreement
        
        not yet signed
        
        allows both to share geospatial and satellite data with each other
        
        data - weather, military advances, landscape etc
    - - DTTI
        
        defence technology and trade initiative
        
        started in 2012
        
        aim
        
        co-prodn and co-dev of advanced technologies, focus: defence
        
        to develop defence relation ie limited only by independent strategic decisions, rather than bureaucratic obstacles or inefficient procedures
        
        not a treaty or law
        
        industry to industry framework
        
        under DTTI
        
        to estd mechanism for dialogue b/w US & i's defence companies & govts on defence tech and industrial cooperation
- - - - crude oil, natural gas, uranium - energy security
      - copper, gold, iron - industrial needs
  - - - covers
        
        political, eco & security coop
        
        cultural relations
        
        regional connectivity
      - 2012
    - - natural gas pipeline
      - turkmenistan-afganistan-pak-i
      - from galkynish gas fields in turk. to i
    - - international north south transport
      - multimodal transport network - ship, road, rail
      - i-ca-russia-europe etc
    - - transit (of people & goods) corridor
      - members
        
        later joined - kazakhstan, pak, i
        
        founders - oman, iran, turkmenistan, uzbekistan
    - - air corridors - for trade esp perishable goods
- - - - in - goods, services & investment
      - +ves
        
        increase in bilateral trade
        
        substantial increase in i's export to ASEAN
        
        china's loss of market in ASEAN
      - -ves
        
        unequal benefit - trade deficit - 22 billion $ (FY19)
  - - - FY19 - 22 billion $
      - FY18 - 13 billion $
- - - - maritime trade b/w west/east coast of i/af
    - - rise of coastal diaspora
        
        max indian diaspora in af today - mostly in E,N, S side
    - - colonisation in af by eurore
        
        major countries
        
        france - francophone - french speaking
        
        britain - anglophone - english speaking colonies
        
        led to slave trade - africans in europe face racial discrimination
        
        i relate wrt colonisation and racial discrimination
      - gandhiji connection and satyagraha
      - 1920s - afro-asian conference, brussels
        
        meeting of af and asian colonies - i took lead role
  - - - af cy(country/ies) getting decolonised
      - i - NAM - supported decolonisation
      - taught(and not only shared) ideas of non-violence and democracy - as we had 'moral responsibility'
      - nehru - i & af are separated by oceans but connected by histories
    - - af cy(country/ies) getting decolonised
      - i gradually disconnected while china made inroads
        
        china grab opportunity
        
        '2 point program'
        
        taught revolution (inspired by 1949 chinese revolution) - successful in af
        
        eco aid
        
        1962, 1965 war - i used violence - af got unconvinced/disillusioned/impatient
    - - af cy are independent - searching for role models
      - options for role model
        
        USA
        
        -ve idea of capitalism - led to colonialism
        
        USSR
        
        communism
        
        russia did not engage in af - USA's absence in af and preoccupied with cold war
        
        china
        
        af stayed away - because china was hitting towards US's capitalism
        
        india
        
        af followed us because
        
        industrialisation
        
        1966-67 green revolution (tech + agri) - self sufficient and food security - af was poor/starving - but climatically suitable for agri - so followed i's model
      - reengagement with i
    - - south south cooperation (ssc)
        
        refers to the technical cooperation among developing countries in the Global South
        
        i itself being 3rd world country could better understand problems of af
        
        related topic
        
        north south cooperation
        
        1980's concept
        
        where 1st world cy (capitalist) help develop 3rd world cy (decolonised & under development) - how
        
        how
        
        policy makers of former to study problems of latter and prescribe appropriate policies for dev
        
        they were surprised by unique nature of problems not faced in their cy. - couldnt prescribe apt methods
        
        hence failed eventually
        
        non prescriptive in nature unlike north south cooperation
      - i became open economy - development - can better help af through - ssc
    - - shift from ideological agendas to pragmatic view
        
        i's looking at af for - OIL
        
        oil - for energy security (main stake - as af is oil abundant)
        
        investment
        
        location
        
        af looking at i for
        
        development