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chapter 16 genetics (monohybird crosses (punnett square (test cross (pure…

- - - - a plant's own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
  - - - F2
        
        the off spring from the interbreeding of the first filial generation
      - the off spring of their crossbreeding of the parental generation
    - - heterozygous
        
        incomplete dominance
        
        neither[ parental trait dominates the other, so this pair of alleles are incomplete
        
        ex. a flower receives a dominant allele and a recessive allele making it a heterozygous
      - each parent is said to be homozygous because each has two identical alleles for this gene
  - - - dominant over the recessive trait
    - - the under lining trait that is only dominant if it has two of the same trait
    - - difficult to know what the genotype of any particular plant is unless the plant shows the recessive trait
    - - pure-bred lines
        
        the homozygous recessives can also be kept as a special line, being selfed and kept pure
      - a cross involving the plant in question and one that is homozygous recessive for the trait being studied
    - - at least 900 sites exist at which point mutations can occur, and of course, any mutation may involve several nucleotides. consequently, the gene may exist in many forms
- - - - be difficult to detect if its effect occurs early. if it affects basic metabolic functions such as respiration, DNA replication, cellulose synthesis, or the structure of histones, plants homozygous for it probably die while still very young; in some instances, the gametes die even before fertilization
- - - - linked
  - - - biparental inheritance
        
        uniparental inheritance
        
        maternal inheritance
        
        an unexpected feature of both plants and animals is that during fertilization, the sperm cell loses most of its cytoplasm and only the sperm nucleus enters the egg. consequently, the zygote obtains all its plastid and mitochondrion genomes form the maternal parent
  - - - pleiotropic efffects
        
        an intermediate is part of several metabolic pathways and is produced by only one enzume, a mutation in tha tenzyme's gene affect5s all of the pathways and alters several different traits.multiple phenotype affects of one mutation
      - extremely complex crosses, involving hundreds or thousands of progeny, may have to be performed to determine what fraction of a particular phenotype is correlated wiht a particular gene; the genes or other portions of DNA
- - - - ex. five histone proteins that make up nucleosomes are needed in such abundance tha teach nucleus may have up to 600 paralogs of the genesk, not just two as for most traits;
- - - - primer RNA #
        
        DNA polymerase
        
        semiconservative replication
        
        replication fork
        
        ligated
        
        mutation
        
        3 more items...
        
        each replication fork runs into runs into one of th eadjacent replicons' replicons
        
        as DNA uncoils and then separates, it has a forked appearance
        
        method of replication, in which each strand of DNA acts as the template for making the complementary stand
        
        enters and adds deoxyribonucleotides onto the end of the primer RNA using the open DNA as a guide
        
        ribonucleotides, not deoxyribonucleotides, and are polymerized into short pieces while also acting as a substrate for DNA-synthesizing enzyme #
      - one strand of the DNA double helix is cut, and the two strands separate from each other in a short region, forming a small "bubble"