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chapter 12 transport processes (short-distance transport (long-distance…

- - - - apoplast
        
        the space outside the plasma membrane within which material can diffuse freely. It is interrupted by the Casparian strip in roots, by air spaces between plant cells and by the plant cuticle.
      - symplast
        
        a continuous network of interconnected plant cell protoplasts.
      - which the vesicles migrate through the cytoplasm and fuse with a another organelle
    - - isolation mechanisms
        
        inhibit movement of substances, plants are adept at synthesizing organic polymers impermeable to a variety of substances
- - - - completely impermeable
        
        membranes don't allow anything to pass through and occur as isolation barriers
      - differentially
        
        selectively permeable membranes #
        
        allow only certain substances to pass through: all lipid/protein cell membranes are differenitally permeable
      - membranes allow all solutes to diffuse through them and have little biological significance
    - - water molcules, even though highly polar, pass through all membranes, but their movement is more rapid if the membranes has protein channels
      - molecular pumps
        
        uses the energy of ATP to force molecules across the membrane, even if that type of molecule is extremely concentrated on the receiving side
- - - - osmotic potential
        
        matric potential
        
        water's adhesion to nondissolved structures such ass cell walls, membranes, and sooil particles. adhesion can only decrease water's free energy, and thus, matric potential is always negative
        
        he effect that soulutes have water potential. in pure water, no solutes are present and osmotic potential is given the value of 0.0 MPa. adding solutes can only decrease water's free energy because water molecules interact with solute molecules and cannot if wate molcules do not interact with the added molecules, the substance does not dissolve
      - unit of pressure, one megapascal is approximately equal to 10 bars atmospheres of pressure. pure water at one or 10 atmosphere of pressure is defined as having water potential of zero