Systolic HF is the inability of the heart to generate an adequate cardiac output to perfuse vital tissues, the most common cause of decreased contractility is MI.

Diastolic HF is defined as HF with preserved systolic function, either occurring in isolation or alongside systolic HF, resulting from pulmonary congestion, decreased left ventricle compliance and abnormal diastolic relaxation.

Right HF can result from left HF when there is an increase in the left ventricular filling pressure, causing rising pressure in the systemic venous circulation causing peripheral oedema.

Surgical Treatment of coronary heart disease and the associated ischaemic events, using grafts from blood vessels to oversew the diseased coronary artery portion, resulting in restored blood flow to the myocardium.

Treatment of TV regurgitation using a prosthetic ring to reinforce the tricuspid unnulus.

Procedure used when repair is not an option, involves removing the original valve and sewing a new valve to the original valve. New valves can be either biological (made of tissue) or human homograft (aortic valves removed from donated hearts) or mechanical valves (made completely of mechanical parts).

Removal of the mitral valve and replacing it with a mechanical valve or valve made from pig, cow or human heart tissue.

Type of blood vessel disorder that is included in the general category of atherosclerosis, CAD is a progressive disease and when symptomatic the disease is generally well advanced.

MI's occur as a result of sustained ischaemia that results in irreversible myocardial cell death.

Damage to sensitive inner ear structures resulting in deafness that is either temporary or permanent.

Ethical codes and legislation directives are also implemented into the Code of Conduct, Competencies and Consumers Rights, thus promoting medication and cultural safety.

All people in employment who administer medicines must be familiar with their
employer‘s policies and guidelines regarding medicine administration.

Student Nurses should be familiar with their educational facilities policies and guidelines to ensure they maintain within their scope of practice and individual responsibilities.

Have an understanding of the clinical agency's policies and guidelines in relation to medicine administration and adhere to these.

Understands they must never administer or supply medicines without direct supervision of a RN/Midwife, and can decline undertaking tasks if they do not feel confident enough to do so.

Students are not regulated under NZ law, the RN/midwife is accountable for all actions taken by the student.

The Nurses Role: Accountability for knowing the prescribed medications, there therapeutic/non-therapeutic effects and need for the drugs, this should be assessed before giving the medications, and patients should be reviewed after the evaluate the effects and outcomes.
Nurses should assess when appropriate a patients ability to self-administer medications and provide education as necessary about correct administration and monitoring.

To administer medications safely and accurately RNs should have an understanding of physiology, pharmacology, human growth/development, autonomy, nutrition and mathematics.