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Pharmacokinetics (metabolism and excretion (drug metabolism (chemical…

- - - - watch out for teratogens
- - - - rapid onset due to large surface area and direct access to pulmonary circulation
        
        good for anesthesia and when a local effect is needed
      - may cause irritation
      - may have erratic absorption depending on lung function, mucus and inflammation
    - - IV
        
        injected into peripheral vein, fast onset, common route, easy to control amount of drug administered, may cause irritation, incorrect dosing is more dangerous due to speed of onset
      - SC
        
        injection under the skin, allows for slow dispersal such as a diabetic needing insulin, may cause irritation
      - IM
        
        injection into the muscle, can assist with localized issues such as a spasm or may be used for steady prolonged release, can cause soreness
      - Intrathecal
        
        injection into the subarachnoid space, allows drug to avoid BBB can be used for analgesics, anesthetics, antispasticity
    - - used for local effects and to minimize systemic absorption
      - antibiotic or anti-inflammatories on wounds
      - also applies to eye and ear drops
    - - iontophoresis & phonophoresis
        
        drug travels through the skin with the purpose of a systemic absorption
        
        drug must be able to penetrate the skin and not degrage before reaching circulation
        
        allows for a slowed controlled release
        
        pain patches and hormonal patches
  - - - most common and easiest, and allows for self administration
      - required high degree of lipid solubility to pass GI mucosa
      - can irritate the stomach causing GI distress
      - may undergo "first pass effect"
        
        drug is taken to the liver via the portal vein and is mmetabolized
    - - under the tongue
        
        absorbed through oral mucosa
        
        works quickly, and is good for patients that have difficulty swallowing
    - - between cheek and gums
        
        works quickly, and is good for patients that have difficulty swallowing
        
        absorbed through oral mucosa
    - - drug absorption is erratic and may be incomplete
      - patient dont like this route
      - used for local effects