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Community Ecology (community (habitat fragmentation # (habitat into region…
Community Ecology
community
species together
same time
same place
Climax Community
succession to stability
succession
#
change in community
accommodates new species
predictable set of changes
community restoration
#
alter back to normal
habitat
habitat fragmentation
#
habitat into region
not good for original
allow migration of fish when dam is taken down
habitat loss
no longer support species
Predator - Prey Interactions
One Predator, One Prey
functional response
feeding rate
time to find prey
handling time
time to consume
prey- dependent
predator dependent on prey density
d
N/
dt
=
r
N-
a
NP
#
d
N/
dt
rate of w/ time
r
intrinsic rate of increase
N
prey number
P
predators present
a
number of prey eaten/yr/predator/time
zero growth isocline
line indicating population stability
paradox of enrichment
both species lost
better conditions for prey
over exploitation of predator
fixed quota harvesting
limit on hunting
predator
net rate of change
d
N/
dt
=
fa
NP-
q
P
f
predator efficiency constant
q
pre capita mortality rate
Maximum sustained yield
theory
harvest populaton
no population decrease
fixed effort harvesting
amount of effort to harvest
population health
predator selection among multiple prey
optimal foraging theory
examine choice in food
why only plants?
herbivores
optimal diet model
four predictions
1) prey yielding most energy
2) prey lower energy yielding
IF #1 scarce
3) some ALWAYS eat
some NEVER eat
4) less profitable prey ignored
Competition Between species
exploitation competition
resource comptetition
organism consume shared resource
interference competition
one organism restricts other
even if unecessary
invasive
increase from low population
with predator present
resource
consumed by organism
substance/factor increase growth
Apparent competition
NOT actual competition
plant overgrowth
Diversity
checklist
species richness
usually incomplete
scale
large areas
more diverse
small areas
less diverse
species-area relationship
S= cA^
z
c and z constants
meeasuring
Robert whittaker
Alpha Diversity
small site species occur
Beta Diversity
difference in
small sites
large sites
Gamma diversity
number species in region
species abundance distribution
plot
number species in region
classes
Diversity
varies with scale and latitude
latitude
higher= severe conditions
Interconectedness of Species
Food Web
#
numerous interrelationships
between predator and prey
Food Chain
direct line of consumption
energy flow web
trace energy flow through community
keystone species
presence/abssence of species
dramatically affects community structure
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
mutualism
both organisms benefit
facilitation
one organisms
facilitates
other
help without benefit
Nurse Plants
#
alter small habitat area
allows seedlings of other plants to grow
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
metapopulation
several local populations
interconnected by migration/gene flow
#
common model
1) region has several patches of living
2)some patches occupied
some not
3) patches colonized by migration
3) extinction within patches
source habitat
high-quality patch
sink habitat
low-quality patch
fugitive species
survives on colonization
new patches
assisted dispersals
captured in one area
released in new area
allow migration of fish when dam is taken down