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women (w) issues (violence against w (general causes (institutional…

- - - - corruption of value system
      - infertility or inability to give male child
      - patrilocal frame of marriage
      - illiterate w and nuclear families are more prone to DV - in nf expectations from spouse is high as social support decreases
      - cultural acceptance of DV: IMAGES (international men and gender equality survey) - > 60% of w in india are perfectly fine to be beaten up by their husbands
      - lack of alternative opportunities
      - economic dependence of w
      - lack of awareness wrt various mechanisms
      - financial empowerment of w challenges the hegemony of men in family
      - adultery
      - dowry
    - - pros
        
        includes both
        
        threat of abuse
        
        actual abuse
        
        multidimensional - includes physical, sexual, verbal, financial, emotional abuse
        
        covers all roles of w: applicable to - mother, wife, sister, widow, single wife, live-in partner and divorced wife
        
        case can now be filed against female and juvenile also - to give effect to article 14 of C
      - other features
        
        civil law wrt
        
        compensation
        
        custody of child
        
        right to household
        
        criminal law wrt to breach of protection (of w) orders - cognizable and non-bailable
      - cons
        
        most misused law by w
        
        reasons/why
        
        revenge vendetta - lack of moral education
        
        economic gains - corruption of value system in the wake of globalisation - materialism
        
        gender stereotyping - women considered exploited and weak - so law is gender biased - hence there is scope of misuse
        
        how
        
        verbal, financial and emotional abuse is subjective
        
        threat of abuse is subjective
        
        marital rape not included
        
        gender biased - only w can file case
        
        filing case against juvenile not wholly justified since relief under the act is mostly financial which can be claimed only against adults
    - - MoSPI (statistics and program implementation) - DV constitutes highest share in crime against w at 32%
  - - - lack of gender sensitive attitude
      - lack of stringent laws
      - lack of proper implementation
      - poor conviction rate
  - - - 70% of w dont report cases due to stigma
      - 36% of indian companies have not estd ICCs
      - 25% of multinational companies have not estd ICCs
    - - (wrt 2016), cases of crimes against w rose to 387 cases per 1 lakh popn
      - UP>maharashtra
  - - - art 21
      - art 42 - safe working condition
      - art 39 - equal pay for equal work
      - FD - denounce practices derogatory to w
    - - domestic violence act
      - dowry prohibition act
      - sexual harassment (SH) act at workplace
        
        cons
        
        complain to be submitted within 90 days - wont cover if w decides later to complain
        
        doesn't include
        
        agriculture sector - most w work here
        
        defence - incidents of violence regularly reported
        
        offence is bailable and non-cognizable
        
        counter inquiry in case of false acquisition - will act as deterrence, also if w cant prove it can be considered false acquisition
        
        if the company fails to constitute ICC, fine of 50000 1st time and 1 lakh when repeated
        
        wont be a deterrence for big companies
        
        increase fine
        
        hence MWCD called it 'toothless tiger'
        
        pros
        
        covers all aspects of SH
        
        defines SH - 2 types
        
        hostile work environment
        
        quid proquo - exchange of favours
        
        widened ambit of
        
        workplace - will include field workplace
        
        aggrieved w - will include clients, customers
        
        applicable to both sector
        
        formal
        
        ICC to be set up
        
        atleast 50% members to be w
        
        informal
        
        LCC to be set up under DM
        
        time limit - 90 days time limit for committee to submit report
        
        accountability - annual audit report needs to be submitted to board of directors
    - - convention on elimination of all forms of discrimination against w (CEDAW) - India ratified
    - - vishakha guidelines
    - - one stop centre
      - mahilla police volunteer
      - nirbhya fund
    - - its not the severity of law but the certainty that act as deterrence
      - law determines the direction in which the society should move, however its the culture that determines the direction in which the society actually moves - Andre Betielle
      - broken window theory - if one is not reprimanded for committing petty crime at an early stage then chances of committing heinous crime is very high in later stages
  - - - NCRB - highest no. of d deaths are in U.P followed by bihar
    - - skewed sex ratio - preference to male child
      - child marriage (lower the age lower is d )
    - - cultural acceptance
      - consumeristic culture
      - lack of eye witness
      - give and take culture - d is seen as investment
      - d is associated with social status of family
    - - enforcement of ancestral property right act both in letter and spirit
      - adarsh marriages - no d given
      - mass marriages - save money
  - - - short term
        
        strict enforcement of laws
        
        quick disposal of cases through fast track courts
        
        strict patrolling and vigilance at night
        
        community policing
        
        neighbourhood committies to create zero crime zones
        
        training in self defence
        
        setting up of helplines and mobile apps
        
        regulation of public transport
      - long term
        
        gender sensitisation of all stakeholders
        
        moral overhauling of society
        
        value based edu system
    - - implementational
      - attitudinal
      - infrastructural
- - - - health - nutrition and post natal care
      - financially - by middlemen
    - - child born with deformity
      - unplanned twins
      - girl child
    - - citizenship not given in countries where surrogacy not allowed -eg: china
    - - morally right as it alleviate the curse of infertility
      - wrong as it depersonalises the process of reproduction and change the motive (means of livelihood) for creating the child
    - - absolves liability of intended parents
  - - - fertile couples (w who don't want to take career break) not allowed
      - single parent, LGBTQI couples, live-in partners, NRIs not allowed
    - - not defines
      - may not come forward
      - qualifications for being s restricts no. of eligible s mother
    - - implications
        
        fake advertising - eg: shows 100% success rate while international acceptance rate for w is 35-40%
        
        malpractices by clinics - eg: during seed-splitting, or placing diff embryo inside s
        
        high costs - 4-5lakhs
        
        IVF clinics mushroomed all across country
    - - right to make reproductive choices of commissioning mother and parents who are not being allowed
      - right to reproduce of s mother
  - - - ART bill 2020
        
        national board
        
        set min standards for infra/labs/expertise at ART clinics/banks
        
        lay down code of conduct for ART clinics professionals
        
        state board
        
        to follow/implement plans of national board
        
        national registry & registration authority
        
        maintain central database
        
        assist/help national board
        
        currently - there is 'national registry of ART clinics/banks in i'
        
        under ICMR
        
        enrolls ART clinics
        
        punishment for
        
        sex selection
        
        sale of human embryos/gametes(male or female germ cell)
        
        running rackets/org for unlawful activities
        
        'confidentiality clause'
        
        ensures privacy of intending couple
        
        punishment for leaking info by clinic
- - - - wrt economic participation - 142/149, declined
      - india rank - 108/149
  - - - missing on GDP - IMF chiel christin lagard - india's GDP will increase by 27% if women LFP equals to men LFP
      - sdg gender rank /global gender equality rank- 95/129
      - demographic dividend wasted
      - threatens india's potential to emerge as global power because of poor social indicators wrt w
    - - standard of living decreases
    - - economic
        
        compromises their financial autonomy
      - psychological
        
        self alienation as forced to do domestic work
      - social
        
        low status in society
      - cultural
        
        rather than an agent of social change, w becomes means for 'cultural reproduction' (reproducing existing culture of society, ie, patriarchy)
  - - - premise
        
        arrest decline in FLFP due to reproductive role of w
      - features
        
        paid leave increased from 12 to 26 weeks
        
        leaves can be availed 8 weeks before due date
        
        26 weeks applicable for only 1st 2 children
        
        12 weeks leave for adopting and commissioning mothers
        
        mandatory creche facility in org > 50 members
        
        mother can visit 4 times a day
        
        act applicable to only formal sector
        
        duty of employer to inform/ aware about the act
      - pros
        
        ensures income and job security, early childhood care
        
        benefits approx 18 lakh w working in the formal sector
        
        26 weeks of leave is much beyond than ILO's prescription of 14 weeks leave
      - cons
        
        gender stereotyped child care, eg: 12 months of parental(not maternal or paternal) leave in britain
        
        reduces the desirability of young w in labour market
        
        creates financial burden on companies
        
        lead to wage gap
        
        help only few w as majority works in informal sector
        
        bargaining power of w will further decline
      - way forward
        
        introduce parental leave (they decide who will take leave)
        
        extending benefits to informal sector
        
        financial burden can be shared b/w company and gov, eg: of total 16 weeks leave given in singapore, 8 weeks pay is given by company and remaining by govt
        
        promote work from home culture, flexible working env.
- - - - soft skills
        
        pink collared jobs - eg HR departments, receptionist
      - emotional than rational
        
        glass ceiling - wont be promoted beyond a level
      - caring & nurturing
        
        domestic division of labour - w take care of kids
        
        carrer oriented w not accepted in society
      - physically weak, passive, dependent
        
        violence against w
        
        rakhshabandhan
  - - - male or female
    - - based on gender- aspirations, desires, behaviour etc are governed
- - - - industry/industrialisation
        
        consulate general of sweden in india - w participation in industrial sector varies from 3 to 12%
        
        created job opportunities for w, however its limited to few edu w
        
        mechanisation led to displacement of un/semi-skilled w
        
        led to factory system of production rather than house based production - discouraged participation of w in labour market
      - service sector w
        
        societal level
        
        ridiculing by society
        
        wrt labour market
        
        wage gap
        
        violence at workplcae
        
        pink coloured jobs
        
        glass ceiling
        
        family level
        
        dual burden
        
        lack of financial autonomy
      - agri
        
        2011 census - 84% of working w depend on agri for their livelihood
        
        feminisation of agri
        
        meaning
        
        increased female participation
        
        causes
        
        economic
        
        male specific distress migration
        
        poverty - w also made to work
        
        w constitutes cheap labour
        
        w constitutes flexible labour (unspecified wages, working hours and conditions) -due to low bargaining power
        
        socio cultural
        
        feminisation of old age - 1033/1000
        
        1 more item...
        
        farmers' suicide
        
        cultural acceptance of w working on land
        
        patriarchy - w aren't allowed to be educated/skilled
        
        w em happened?
        
        created potential but not guaranteed
        
        way forward
        
        2011 census - most confined in labour intensive areas not requiring skilled labour
        
        conc of w in lower rung jobs
        
        census 2011 - only 32.8% working w are registered as workers
        
        w constitutes unpaid labour
        
        because most farmers are small and marginal who take help of w in family
        
        only 12.8% operational land holdings owned by w
        
        lack of ownership
        
        denied access to formal credit, more of informal credit with high interest rates- can lead to debt trap
        
        way forward
        
        ancestral property rights of w needs to be respected both in letter and spirits
        
        collateral free loan facility for w
        
        promote SHGs and ventures
        
        limited edu and skills
        
        cant reap benefits of technological up-gradations
        
        way forward
        
        gender friendly equipments for w farmers
        
        way forward
        
        mandatory representation of w farmers in state, district and block farmers advisory committees
        
        30% fund allocation for w famers in all the schemes
      - informal sector
        
        patriarchy
        
        deprivation of women
        
        ltd access to edu,
        ltd skills,
        ltd formal job opport.
        
        confined to informal sector
        
        lack of minimum wage
        
        1 more item...
        
        harsh working conditions
        
        1 more item...
        
        lack of social security benefits
        
        1 more item...
        
        exposed to health hazards
        
        1 more item...
        
        no career growth
        
        1 more item...
        
        feminisation of informal sector
        
        ILO -in india, w's participation in informal sector exceeds that of men
      - military
        
        army
        
        permanent commission (pc) issue
        
        before 1992 - w allowed only in medical wing
        
        1992 - w special entry scheme (WSES)
        
        w eligible for officers
        
        commissioned for 5 years
        
        fields
        
        specified non combat roles - edu, legal, signal, intelligence, engineering corps etc
        
        denied combat roles
        
        shorter pre-commission training wrt male counterparts commissioned under SSC
        
        1996 - 5 year clause deleted
        
        2006
        
        WSES replaced by SSC for w
        
        commissioned for 10 + 4(extendable) = 14 years
        
        same fields as WSES
        
        due to limited service period, w couldn't get promoted to command roles in these non-combat fields
        
        2008
        
        PC allowed for SSC recruited w in
        
        judge advocate general dep.
        
        army edu corps
        
        2010
        
        delhi HC entitled PC for SSC w officers
        
        centre didn't implement
        
        appeal in SC in 2011
        
        2020 SC judgement
        
        entitles PC for SSC w officers in 10 non-combat fields
        
        entitles w officers to "command roles" also not limiting them to "staff roles" in these 10 non combat fields
        
        meaning
        
        short service commission (SSC)
        
        officers inducted for 10+4 years
        
        permanent commission (PC)
        
        career in army until one retires ( ~ 54 age)
        
        either officer is directly inducted to PC (through NDA etc) or PC is granted to SSC officer subject to service requirements & availability of vacancies
        
        training centres of SSC & PC are diff
        
        fields
        
        combat
        
        non-combat / combat-support
        
        there is promotion in both fields
        
        type of appointments/roles in above fields
        
        staff
        
        command
        
        one gets command roles with promotions
        
        2019 centre's proposal
        
        allow PC to SSC recruited w officers with < 14 years of service
        
        to only "staff appointments" and not to command roles in above non-combat fields
    - - private patriarchy(ie domestic) to public patriarchy(ie workplace)
      - myth was - when w moves out of domestic sphere, P would end but it didnt
  - - - purity and pollution - restricts w sexuality and mobility
      - closely related to gender since sexuality of w is linked to purity of race - hence w are subjugated to keep their race pure
      - hence controls the labour and sexually of w - hence determines social and sexual division of labour
    - - eg: epics - sita preferred over draupati
      - is subtle expression of patriarchy
      - creates an image of w ie self-sacrificing and self-effacing (thinking about others first)
      - eg : scriptures like manusmriti - w has only 2 duties - devout mother and faithful wife
      - eg: treating w as goddess
    - - parda system
      - sati pratha
      - triple talaq
      - patriarchal construction of social practices draws its legitimacy from religion
      - not allwoing widow remmariage
      - acc to a feminist scholar, religion is an instrument of deception
    - - through media
        
        objectification of w
        
        eg: sexual objectification - treating w as an object of sexual desire
        
        commodification of w
        
        strategically market products toward women for the purpose of selling into, and exploiting, their femininity and domesticity
      - through education system
        
        content
        
        eg: fair girl shown pretty in NCERT controversy
        
        not driven by scientific temper but by gender coloration
        
        infra
        
        eg: functional toilets absent for w
        
        conducive for the needs of girl child missing
        
        educator
        
        holding prejudiced notions against girl child
        
        eg: boys to play volleyball, girls to play handball
    - - patrilineal
        
        trace family through male parent
        
        hence
        
        male child considered 'inheritor' and female child is considered 'paraya dhan'
      - patrilocal
        
        w goes to husband place after marriage
      - religious significance associated with male child
      - family socialises the child wrt to stereotypes of masculanity and faminity
- - - - reasons
        
        patriarchal mindset
        
        only son performs last rites
        
        lineage and inheritance runs through male line
        
        son looks after parents in old age
        
        men are bread winners
        
        exorbitant dowry demands
        
        technology
        
        pre-conception sex selection facilities
        
        easy availability of sex determination tests
        
        increased violence against w - difficult to keep girl safe - study of social research haryana says fear of violence against w is major cause of female foeticide
      - consequences
        
        polyandry
        
        cases of forced marriage of widows
        
        commodification of w - purchasing brides from poor areas
        
        increase in violence against w
      - facts
        
        2011 = 919/1000
        
        2001 = 927/1000
- - - - facts
        
        dropped from 167 to 130
- - - - literacy rate - 65.46% (2011 census) compared to men LR of above 80%
  - - - bihar lowest at 46.4%
      - kerela highest at 100%
- - - - right to make decision
      - ability to influence direction of social change - eg: leadership
      - access to resources
        
        political
        
        economic
        
        socil
      - control over their own lives, eg: reproductive health
      - sense of self worth
- - - - low bargaining power
      - career and educational choices of w - humanities taken, vocational training not taken
      - undervaluation of care work performed by w