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Classifications of Microorganisms (Morphology of bacteria (Bacillus (An…
Classifications of Microorganisms
Classification
Three domains
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
Extremophiles that like to live in environments of great temperature (thermophiles), low oxygen and high methane content (methanogens), and extreme salinity (halophiles)
Taxons of biological classification
Domain
Kindgom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
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Six groups of microbes
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Arachaea
Algae
Protozoa
Traditional classification
Morphology (shape)
Serological nature (nature in reference to the actions of antibodies in the serum (bodily fluids)
Biochemistry
Cells
Common features
Genetic information is stored as genes in DNA
Constant genetic code
Require ATP for energy
Cell structure and function is controlled by proteins
Enclosed in a lipid bilayer
Synthesis cycle follows from DNA, forming RNA, and eventually proteins
Morphology of bacteria
Bacillus
An elongated rod-like shaped bacteria
Palsades
Many bacillus conformations joined on the longer side of the bacterium together to form groups
Coccobacillus
A bacillus conformation that has been made stout and resembles a diplococci conformation
Diplobacilli
Two bacillus conformations attached end to end forming a chain
Tetrad
Two diplococci groups joined to one another
Streptobacilli
Many bacillus conformations joined to one another forming a long chain
Sarcina
Four groups of diplococci conformations joined together to forma cube-like shape of a total of eight coccus conformations
Hypha
Bacterial conformation that contains many branches that are a result of many cells joined end to end to one another
Streptococci
Many coccus conformations joined together like a beaded string structure
Stalk
Bacteria that have a crescent-shaped head and a flagellum-like projection from this head
Staphylococci
A group of many coccus conformations together in a bundle
Enlarged rod
A stretched oblong conformation that is rounded on two sides and pointed on the other two
Diplococci encapsulated
Two sphere-shaped conformations that are bound together by a capsule. This does not cause for compression of the shapes
Vibrio
A crescent-shaped conformation similar to that of the shape of the head of stalk conformations
Diplococci
Two sphere-shaped conformations joined together. This can cause these shapes to become somewhat compressed
Comma's form (Bdellovibrio)
Comma-shaped head with a short flagellum-like tail. Somewhat similar (except for the shape of the head) to the stalk conformation
Corkscrew's form (borrelia burgdorferi)
Corkscrew-shaped conformation that has varying lengths
Filamentous
Filament-shaped conformation that includes at times many string-like conformations woven together
Coccus
A single sphere-shaped conformation
Spirochete
A spirally-shaped conformation that is quite similar to borrelia burgdorfi
Tests
Indole test
- Adding tryptophan to the sample. The bug with the dye will change colour if there is tryptophanase present
Catalase test
- The ability to decompose hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. As hydrogen peroxide is used as an immune response by immune cells, if bacteria have the same response, then they are not affected
Coagulase test
- In this test, plasma can be clotted. If the sample with the bug clots, then the bug has clotting factors
Five modes of action of antibiotics
Plasma membrane
DNA replication and transcription
Cell wall
Metabolism
Protein synthesis
Disc diffusion sensitivity test
- A disc that contains the bacteria to be tested has the antibiotic applied to it. If the antibiotics are to work, then a zone of inhibition is created. This is the zone that shows the area at which the antibiotics affected the bacteria. The size of the zone of inhibition shows how effective the antibiotic was and therefore how resistant the bacteria was to the antibiotics