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Shock (Definition: A threatening impairment to cellular metabolism…

- - - - Signs and Symptoms:Hypotension, mental alterations, loss of consciousness, irregular pulse, oliguria and dysponea.
      - Treatment: Administer Catecholamine (noradrenaline and adrenaline) and fluids. Monitor vitals and ECG readings.
    - - Signs and symptoms: Tachycardia, dysponea, hypotention, pallor, nausea, dehydration, fatigue, and oliguria.
      - Treatment: Stabilize and monitor oxygen saturation for ventilation and perfusion. Control any fluid loss such as blood and replace fluids intravenously.
      - Absolute hypovolaemia:A reduction in total circulating blood volume. This is also known as hemorrhage. Non-hemorrhage is the result of polyuria, insensible fluid loss or capillary leak.
        
        Relative:Can result from medications or inflammatory response syndrome
    - - Signs and symptoms:Chest and/or back pain, bradycardia, cyanosis, hypothermia, laboured breathing. Numbness and tingling, and in some cases an inability to mobilise appropriately.
      - Treatment: Administer fluids intravenously to stabilize and maintain adequate blood pressure. Administration of a vasosurpressor such as neuropenephren may be required to aid in vasoconstriction of the blood vessels.
    - - Signs and symptoms: Appearance of rash or hives, difficulties with swallowing and breathing, facial swelling, tachycardia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrehoea.
      - Treatment: Administer epinephrine (adrenaline) immediately to reduce the severity of the reaction. Do CPR in emergency situations where required. Administer oxygen where appropriate to treatment followed by an antihistamine and beta-agonist.
    - - Signs and symptoms: Pallor, altered temperature, oleguria, hypotension, fatigue, tachycardia and restlessness.
      - Treatment:IV antibiotics, vasopressor medications, coricosteroids and IV fluids.
  - - - Signs and symptoms: Decreased venous return, stroke volume, cardiac output cellular oxygen supply and tissue perfusion. Visual jugular venous distension and pulses paradoxus.
        
        Treatment: Maintain airway, supplement oxygen if needed. Restore circulation by treating the obstruction.