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Origins of the Cold War (Responses to the USSR's Expansionist Policies…
Origins of the Cold War
Yalta Conference
Meeting with Allied leaders Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin
Discussed the future of Europe after WW2
Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender
Demilitarising & de-Nazifying Germany
Germany was divided into four zones: US, British, French & Soviet with Berlin in the Soviet zone. The USSR's zone formed part of the 'buffer zone' which aimed to protect the Soviet Union from outside threats.
Establishment of United Nations
Founded on 24 October 1945
USA more involved than in the League of Nations
German reparations
Stalin wanted US$20 million with half for the Soviet Union as well as removing Germany's national industrial assets and shares from its enterprises. However the other two leaders objected, asserting that he was being too harsh.
All leaders agreed to have German forced labour to repair the damage from World War II.
Stalin entering the war in the Pacific against Japan after VE day
In return, the USSR would receive land in Manchuria off its coast which it had lost in previous wars.
Nazi war criminals punished
German countries & countries conquered by Germany to hold democratic elections for new governments
Known as 'Declaration on Liberated Europe'
Stalin had already established a communist government in Poland, but he promised to hold a fair democratic election for a new government. However due to the breakdown of trust between the three nations, this never occurred.
Took place 4-11 February 1945
The Potsdam Conference
Took place 17 July – 2 August 1945
Continuities from the Yalta Conference
All the leaders agreed that Germany was to pay reparations, but they disagreed on a monetary figure (see changes from the yalta conference)
Prosecution of Nazi war criminals
Changes from the Yalta Conference
Stalin proposed a figure for German reparations, but the other leaders rejected it due to its magnitude.
All ethnic German populations were to be forcibly resettled in Germany
Truman replaced Roosevelt & was more anti-communist and less compromising towards Stalin
Attlee replaced Churchill & was more willing to compromise, thus letting the United Kingdom become less dominant in the Cold War
Truman threatened Stalin with the atom bomb, thus escalating suspicion between the nations
Responses to the USSR's Expansionist Policies
1. Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech
Took place on 5 March 1946
Churchill exposed Stalin's expansionist policies through the Iron Curtain
2. Salami Tactics
Took place from 1945-1947
Name coined in 1952
Involved Stalin's removal of non-communist parties one at a time in various nations across Europe
3. The Truman Doctrine
Announced on 12 March 1947
Truman requested US$400 million from Congress to assist Greece and Turkey financially and militarily because they were politically and economically unstable, thus rendering them vulnerable to communism.
Speech promoted capitalism and democracy in contrast to totalitarian communist regimes
Effects
Cultivated an 'us VS them' mindset in the USA
Created suspicion of communist symphathisers
Created division between communist & non-communist countries in Europe
Fully eliminated former isolationist policy
The communist parties in Italy and France were dissolved
4. The Marshall Plan
A series of grants and loans from the USA to European countries
Countries with existing alliances with USA or damaged most in WW2 received more money, e.g. Britain, France & Italy
Instigated the biggest economic growth in European history as well as boosting the USA's economy because Europe supplied it with raw materials
Promoted capitalism