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Populations and Exosystems (ecology (population (individuals of same…
Populations and Exosystems
ecology
study of oraganisms
relating to surrounding
population
individuals of same species
same location
ecosystem
nonliving environtment
community
#
all populations together
plants in relation to their habitats
habitat
conditions for completion of life cycle
components
abiotic
nonliving
climate
specific to organsm
components
temperature
wind
rain
tolerance range
between low and high extremes
specific to orgamnism
Soil
breakdown of rock
pioneers
first plants to invade soil
3 layera
A horizon
upermost
"zone of leaching"
litter and debris
washes nutrients down
B horizon
"sone of deposition"
materials accumulate
humus and clay
C horizon
parent and rock fragments
disturbance
fires
landslides
snow avalanches
flooda
significant, radical change
alter soiil
wipe out individuals
Latitude abd Altitude
latitude
equator
short day
12 hrs
higher altitudes
longer days
biotic
living factors
plants
funig
animals
the plant itself
presence changes habitat
other species
mutualism
beneficial for both
relationship between organisms
competition
disadventageous for one
relationship between organisms
competition exclusion
less adapted species exculded
niche
partiular set of conditions
only one species
ecotypes
#
specialized ecosystems
transplant experiments
plants taken to sites
different systems
grown in common garden
Organusms Other Than Plants
frugivores
mutaulism
plants
fruit- eating animals
commensal relationships
one species unaffected
one species benefits
predation
#
one species harmed
one species benefits
herbivors
#
animals eat plants
herbivory
browsing
grazing
delimited
pathogeneic
causing diseas to organism
operational habitat
affect plant
parts of habitat
The Strucure of Populations
Geographic DIstribution
boundari3ews of the geographic range
limiting factor
healthing determining factor
plant
loval geographical districbution
randnom distribution
no placement pattern
no predictive value
clumpes distributions
spacing between plants
big
small
not average
uniform distributions
orchards and tree plantations
evenly spaced individuals
not ext4remely common
allochemics
release of chemicals
plants
establish zones for habitat
allelopathy
inhibition of allochemics
Age Distribution
demography
proportions in
young
middle-aged
old
generation time
birth of indvidual
to birth of offspring
biotic potential
number of offspring produced
ideal conditions
carrying capacity
indivduals
number live in ecosystem
r- and
K-
selectiong
r- selection
species
annuals
small shrubs
K-
selection
species
crowded habitats
bristle-cone pines
Structure of Ecosystems
physiognomic structure
organism distribution in ecosystem
size and shaoe
temporal strucure
ecosystem change over time
life forms
classificaqtion
survival
species composition
diversity/number in ecosystem
Trophic Levels
feeding levels
primary producers
autotrophs
first in food web
primary consumers
herbivore
nutrients from primary producers
secondary consumers
carnivores
prey on herbivores
decomposers
sungi, bacteria,
breakdown reains of organisms
energy flow
nutrients moving om ecosystem
carnivors
herbivores
carbon flow
carbon compound
enter ecosystem
