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Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems (The Structure of Ecosystems…
Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems
The Structure of Ecosystems
Species composition
ecosystem
number of species and diversity that coexist
Trophic levels
Temporal Structure
Physiognomic Structure
The Structure of Populations
Age Distribution: Demography
young, middle-aged, and old individuals
biotic potential
#
number of offspring produced
generation time
birth of individual to it's offspring
carrying capacity
individuals can live in a specific ecosystem
r- and K-selection
K-Selection
K-selected species
douglas firs, and bristle-cone pines
r-Selection
r-related species
annuals or small shrubby perennials
Geographic Distribution
local geographic distribution
Clumped distributions
Uniform distributions
Random distribution
boundaries of the geographic range
limiting factor
one factor determines health of plant
Plants in Relationship to their Habitats
Biotic Components of the Habitat
other plant species
competition
2 populations don't grow well together
competitive exclusion
which species is less adapted is excluded
mutualism
beneficial for both organisms
organisms other than plants
Predation
#
one species benefits and the other is harmed
fungi and bacteria
pathogenic
mild disease
virulent
kills plants quickly
the plant itself
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
#
Latitude and Altitude
Disturbance
snow avalanches
floods
landslides
fires
common component of many dry ecosystems
Soil factors
horizon
uppermost/zone of leaching
C horizon
parent and rock fragments
B horizon
zone of deposition
pioneers
first plants that invade new soil
Climate
tolerance range
between the low and high extremes
