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Algae and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cell (brown brown algae (littoral zone,…
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- symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.
- a single-celled microscopic animal of a group of phyla of the kingdom Protista, such as an amoeba, flagellate, ciliate, or sporozoan.
- a simple, nonflowering, and typically aquatic plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms. Algae contain chlorophyll but lack true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.
- Living embryophytes therefore include hornworts, liverworts, mosses, ferns, lycophytes, gymnosperms and flowering plants. The Embryophyta are informally called land plants because they live primarily in terrestrial habitats, while the related green algae are primarily aquatic.
- The 'Autogenous Theory' argues that organelles such as the: nucleus, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum all "arose directly from a single prokaryote ancestor by compartmentalisation of functions brought about by infoldings of the prokaryote plasma membrane"
- An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism in a mutualistic relationship with the host body or cell, often but not always to mutual benefit. The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek: ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn "together" and βίωσις biosis "living").
- is the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote.
- is when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis.
- The heterokonts or stramenopiles (formally, Heterokonta or Stramenopiles) are a major line of eukaryotes. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton.
- the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
- is a microtubule structure observed during cytokinesis in members of the Chlorophyceae, the largest class of green algae. Cytokinesis in green algae occurs via a diverse range of mechanisms, including cleavage furrows in some algae and cell plates in others.
- The green algae are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the potentially more basal
- If cells adhere loosely, the resulting structure is a colony, not an individual organism.
- occur if the cells lose their flagella or never develop them.
- the mass of interwoven filamentous hyphae that forms especially the vegetative portion of the thallus of a fungus and is often submerged in another body (as of soil or organic matter or the tissues of a host) also : a similar mass of filaments formed by some bacteria (such as streptomyces)
- results if the orientation of cell divisions is controlled precisely such that all new walls occur in only two planes.
- all cells are interconnected by plasmodesmata, and a true parenchyma tissue is formed.
- results if karyokinesis occurs without cytokinesis, and giant multinucleate cells result.
- Describing a life cycle in which there is alternation of generations.
- occurs in that one free living generation exists.
- Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing in general only in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as "male" or "female".
- is the form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes, which differ in size and/or form. The smaller gamete is considered to be male, whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female. There are several types of anisogamy. Both gametes may be flagellated and therefore motile.
- Oogamy is the familiar form of sexual reproduction. It is a form of anisogamy (heterogamy) in which the female gamete (e.g. egg cell) is significantly larger than the male gamete and is non-motile.
- a specialized organ or cell in which gametes are formed in algae, ferns, and some other plants.
- (in ferns and lower plants) a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed.
- a spore of certain algae, fungi, and protozoans, capable of swimming by means of a flagellum.
- the temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material.
- The charophytes (Streptophyta,Virideplantae) are the extant group of green algae that are most closely related to modern land plants.
- Streptophyta, informally the streptophytes (from the Greek strepto, for twisted, i.e., the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a clade of plants.
- The Archaeplastida are a major group of autotrophic eukaryotes, comprising the red algae, the green algae, and the land plants, together with a small group of freshwater unicellular algae called glaucophytes. Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes have never been involved in secondary endosymbiosis events.
- Red algae are red due to phycoerythrin. They contain the sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan in the amorphous sections of their cell walls, although red algae from the genus Porphyra contain porphyran.
- Floridean starch is a type of a storage glucan found in glaucophytes and in red algae (also known as rhodophytes), in which it is usually the primary sink for fixed carbon from photosynthesis.
- a gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods.
- In algal anatomy, a pit connection is a hole in the septum between two algal cells, and is found only in the red algae − specifically, all orders except the Porphyridiales and haploid Bangiales. They are often stoppered with proteinaceous "pit plugs".
- Brown algae is a unicellular organism that is brown in color it has a bony structure that is primarily composed of silicon nitrate. Brown algae develops in aquariums with high nitrates and sometimes those with high silicon levels.
- The littoral zone or nearshore is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged.
- Laminarin is a polysaccharide of glucose found in brown algae and utilized as a food reserve.
- In botany, the receptacle refers to vegetative tissues near the end of reproductive stems that are situated below or encase the reproductive organs.
- are specialized cavities of marine and freshwater algae that contain the reproductive organs. They are situated in the receptacle and open by a small ostiole.
- An elongated cell, large numbers of which are joined end to end to transport photosynthate (sugar) through the bodies of brown algae.
- is a floating structure that contains gas found on brown seaweed.
- Diatoms are a major group of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.
- is made from the fossilized remains of tiny, aquatic organisms called diatoms. Their skeletons are made of a natural substance called silica.
- Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms.
- are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, Prymnesium parvum, which causes fish kills.
- A coccolithophore is a unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton. They belong either to the kingdom Protista, according to Robert Whittaker's Five kingdom classification, or clade Hacrobia, according to the newer biological classification system.
- The dinoflagellates are a classification subgroup of protista.They are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata. Most are marine plankton, but they also are common in freshwater habitats. Their populations are distributed depending on sea surface temperature, salinity, or depth.
- Red tide is a common name for algal blooms, which are large concentrations of aquatic microorganisms, such as protozoans and unicellular algae. The upwelling of nutrients from the sea floor, often following massive storms, provides for the algae and triggers bloom events.
- Oomycota or oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms. They are filamentous, microscopic, absorptive organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually.
- Euglenids are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typical of that group. They are commonly found in freshwater, especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and endosymbiotic members.
