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Classification and Systematics (cladogram 45d711e6-bb2d-4a2a-a4e7…
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- The history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.
- Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees.
- Nomenclature is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences
- is based on characters of the reproductive organs, structural relationships as well as all other important characters. It helps to ascertain the name of a plant as well as its relationships and affinities with other plants.
- often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
- is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family.
- is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family.
- is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
- Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring. It is also known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance.
- is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics, which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms.
- is a set of organisms, or other evolving elements, that have been grouped together but do not share an immediate common ancestor.
- is the second part (the second name) within the scientific name of a species (a binomen). The first part of the name of a species is the name of the genus or the generic name.
- is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
- a method of classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of measurable characteristics that they have in common. It is assumed that the higher the proportion of characteristics that two organisms share, the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor.
- a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants.
- is a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor. A good example is the evolution of the eye which has originated independently in many different species. When this happens it is sometimes called a convergence.
- is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed; nevertheless, many evolutionary trees can be inferred from a single cladogram.
- The nodes on the trees indicate the common ancestors of descendants. At each node a splitting event occurs. The node therefore represents the end of the ancestral taxon and the stems , the species that split from the ancestor. The two taxa that split from the node are called sister taxa.
- Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
- a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, according to the principles of cladistics.
- A novel evolutionary trait that is unique to a particular species and all its descendants and which can be used as a defining character for a species or group in phylogenetic terms.
- An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by morphological or physiological traits, that has given rise to another group that has major differences from the ancestral condition, and is thus not considered part of the ancestral group, while still having enough similarities that we can group them under the same clade.
- In biology and genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA, also last common ancestor (LCA), or concestor) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms from such set are directly descended.
- is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.
- is an ancestral character (trait state) shared by two or more taxa - but also with other taxa linked earlier in the clade (that is, having an earlier last common ancestor, with them, than theirs).
- The parsimony principle is basic to all science and tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree-building, that means that, all other things being equal, the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes.
- A polychotomy (päl′i kät′ə mē; plural polychotomies) is a division or separation into many parts or classes. Polychotomy is a generalization of dichotomy, which is a polychotomy of exactly two parts. In evolutionary biology, the term polychotomy can also be considered a historically based misspelling of polytomy.
- are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants.
- are a hugely diverse and abundant group of angiosperm plants. They include over half of the species of all plants and are found in a huge variety of habitats.
- The ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of non-evolutionary features (e.g. the grouping together of plants according to the number and situation of their stamens, styles, and stigmas rather than their evolutionary relationships). Compare NATURAL CLASSIFICATION.
- a duplicate of the holotype of a species.
- Plantae, plant kingdom Type of: kingdom. the highest taxonomic group into which organisms are grouped; one of five biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia
