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Morphology (Morphemes (Free morphemes (Functional morphemes ("…
Morphology
Morphemes
Free morphemes
Lexical morphemes
"Open" class of words
Functional morphemes
"Closed" class of words
eg. and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in the, that, it, them, etc.
Bound morphemes
Derivational morphemes
Bound morphemes that create new words/shift words to a different grammatical category from the stem
Inflectional morphemes
Morphemes that do not produce new words
Indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word
There are 8 inflectional morphemes in English
Noun +
-'s
,
-s
Verb +
-s
,
-ing
,
-ed
,
-en
Adjective +
-er
,
-est
Morphological description
Appearances can be deceiving
-er
can be an inflectional morpheme as in old
er
-er
can also be a derivational morpheme as in teach(verb) to teach
er
(noun)
Special cases
there doesn't seem to be a rule that allows the plural of sheep to be sheep or the plural of man to be men, they are treated as exceptions from the general pattern
Morphs and allomorphs
morphs
actual forms used to realize morphemes
eg. cats = cat (lexical morpheme) +
-s
(inflection morpheme)
eg. buses = bus (lexical morpheme) +
-es
(inflectional morpheme)
so we see there are at least two ways to denote plurality, so
-s
and
-es
are
allomorphs
of a particular morpheme
Other languages
Reduplication
Repeating all or part of a form that serve as a morph in certain languages (eg. Tagalog)