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Populations and Ecosystems (Concepts (Population (All individuals of the…
Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
Ecology
The study of organisms in relationship to all of their surroundings
Population
All individuals of the same species in a habitat
An individual plant never exist in isolation in a habitat
Community
All the populations of different species
Ecosystem
Includes a community along with the physical nonliving environment
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Soil Factors
A horizon
Top layer of thick soil
Also called zone of leaching
B horizon
Next layer below A
Also called zone of deposition
Pioneers
First plants to invade new soil low in nitrogen
Lichens
Some angiosperms
C horizon
Below B horizon
Composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments
Latitude and Altitude
Equator
All days are 12 hours long
No seasonal change
Higher latitudes
Summer days longer
Winter nights longer
Either north or south
Above Artic and Antarctic Circles
Mid-summer days are 24 hours long
Mid-winter nights 24 hours long
Climate
Tolerance range
Between the low and high extremes
Temperature
Wind
Relative humidity
Rainfall
Disturbance
Avalanches
Landslides
Fires
Floods
Man-made
Herbicides
Hunting
Insecticides
Habitat destruction
Habitat
Set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Operational Habitat
Aspects of the habitat that affect the plant
Biotic Components of the Habitat
Other Plant Species
Mutualism
Interaction beneficial for both organisms
Competition
Disadvantageous interaction between organisms
Exclusion
Organisms Other Than Plants
Commensal relationships
One species benefits and the other is unaffected
Predation
Herbivory
Browsing
Grazing
Frugivores
Disperse seeds by eating fruit
The Plant Itself
Pine trees modify their habitat adversely for their continued success
Decaying leaves of pioneer species enrich the soil
Trees modify the habitat by producing a dense canopy
The Structure of Populations
Age Distribution: Demography
Biotic potential
Carrying capacity
Generation time can affect population growth
r-Selection
Disturbance produces conditions optimal for r
r-selected species
Annuals or small shrubby perennials
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic
Limiting fator
Local Geographic Distrubution
Random distribution
Clumped distribution
Uniform distribution
Allelochemics
Allelopathy
k-Selection
Conditions in crowded habitat
Douglas firs and bristle-cone pines
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The Structure of Ecosystems
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Trophic Levels
Secondary consumers
Decomposers
Bacteria
Fungi
Primary consumers
Also called secondary producers
Energy flow and carbon flow go from level to level
Primary producers
Autotrophs
Species Composition
Number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
Soil richness
Tolerance ranges
Dependent on climate
Temporal Structure
The changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
As short as a day
As long as a decade or several seasons
Physiognomic Structure
Physical size and shape of organisms and their distribution to each other and physical environment
