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Frequent lucid dreaming associated with increased functional connectivity…

- - - - evidence linking frontopolar and parietal regions to lucid dreaming is consistent with the role of these regions in metacognitive functions
        
        further support of a connection between the metacognitive functions of aPFC and lucid dreaming
        
        frontopolar cortex (BA9/10)
        
        increased gray matter volume
        
        increased BOLD activation
      - higher-order thinking that enables understanding, analysis, and control of one’s cognitive processes, especially when engaged in learning.
  - - - no group-level fMRI
- - - - frequent lucid dream group
        
        a minimum of 3–4 lucid dreams per week, or approximately one lucid dream every other night without engaging in training to have lucid dreams
      - control
        
        the same age (date of birth <12 months apart), the same gender, a similar level of dream recall and lucid dream frequency of 1 per year or less
        
        dream recall
        
        3pt內
        
        dream recall frequency 差異在1-2個夢
      - 問卷
        
        dream recall (0-15pt)
        
        dream frequency (0-15pt)
        
        舉例
        
        了解清醒夢的定義
      - 口試
        
        the number of lucid dreams they had in the last 6m
        
        the most lucid dreams they had ever had in a six-month period
        
        training or not
  - - - working memory capacity
        
        operation span task (OSpan)
        
        to-be-remembered stimuli are letters
        
        unrelated task is verifying the accuracy of an equation
        
        rotation span task (RotSpan)
        
        locations of red squares in a 4 × 4 grid
        
        verifying the vertical symmetry of an image
        
        symmetry span task (SymSpan)
        
        arrows pointing in one of eight different directions
        
        whether a rotated letter is presented correctly
      - trait mindfulness
        
        Toronto Mindfulness Scale
        
        Curiosity
        
        an attitude of wanting to learn more about one’s experiences
        
        Decentering
        
        awareness of one’s experience with some distance and dis-identification rather than being carried away by one’s thoughts and feelings
      - prospective and retrospective memory
        
        Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ)
        
        measures self-report scores of the frequency of both prospective and retrospective memory errors in everyday life
        
        https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/prmq_simplified_chinese_version_final_07_01_10_other_rating-1.pdf
      - Mind-wandering frequency
        
        Daydreaming Frequency subscale of the Imaginal Process Inventory (IPI)
        
        experience daydreaming in their daily life with reference to a five-point Likert-scale, ranging from “A” to “E.”
      - 均無顯著差異
  - - - No significant differences in gray matter density were observed for ROIs
        
        left & right prefrontal cortex
        
        left or right hippocampus
        
        by reference
        
        total hippocampus
  - - - the frequent lucid dream group showed significantly increased functional connectivity between left aPFC and five clusters
        
        the left and right inferior parietal lobule (IPL)
        
        left and right middle temporal gyrus (MTG)
        
        right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
        
        reduced functional connectivity
        
        bilateral insula
      - other regions identified in ref. 9 to increase BOLD signal during lucid REM sleep
        
        frequent lucid dream group showed increased connectivity
        
        left IPL and left MTG, right lingual gyrus
        
        right IPL and left aPFC, right PCC
        
        right MTG and left aPFC, left MFG
        
        decreased connectivity
        
        right IPL and right MFG, left insula
        
        left precentral gyrus and left SMC
    - - brain areas with similar activity patterns are likely to be communicating and sharing information.
  - - - The subdivisions of AG and IPS have been shown to have distinct structural and functional connectivity patterns
        
        PGa
        
        basal ganglia
        
        ventral premotor areas
        
        ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
        
        more closely linked to the semantic system than PGp
        
        PGp
        
        ventromedial prefrontal cortex
        
        posterior cingulate
        
        hippocampus-regions comprising the default mode network.
        
        hIP1
        
        ventral premotor
        
        middle frontal gyrus
        
        insula
        
        hIP2
        
        ventral premotor
        
        middle frontal gyrus
        
        hIP3
        
        extrastriate visual areas
        
        hIP2 and hIP1) may support more complex aspects of numerical and mathematical information processing
      - Frequent lucid dreamers showed significantly increased mean functional connectivity
        
        left aPFC and left PGa
        
        right PGa and right hlP1
  - - - 7 systems
        
        default mode network
        
        cingulo-opercular
        
        frontoparietal control network
        
        salience network
        
        ventral attention network
        
        dorsal attention network
        
        visual system
      - evaluating the connectivity between all nodes within the frontoparietal control subsystem that showed the largest overlap with the functional connectivity results, based on a 400 node parcellation of the 17 functional network
        
        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174820/figure/F6/
      - within any LSN between groups
        
        no differences
      - between-network connectivity between groups
        
        no differences
      - connectivity within the FPCN subsystem between groups
        
        no differences
      - supplementery
  - - - degree (k)
        
        strength (s)
        
        betweenness centrality (BC)
        
        eigenvector centrality (EC)
        
        nodes connected to other densely connected nodes as having high centrality
        
        No differences
        
        connection density (δ)
        
        the number of existing connections over the total number of possible connections
        
        fraction of all shortest paths in the network that contain a given node
        
        No differences
        
        the sum of the weights of all connections to a node
        
        the length between nodes
        
        frequent lucid dream group is higher
        
        total number of connections of a node
        
        frequent lucid dream group is higher