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Mythology 2D03 (Myth (D.Cupitt (Myths are scared, contain nonhumans, and…

- - - - Usually stories, words or pictures
      - meaning given through plot and metaphors and symbolism
      - Contain deep meanings of religious, political, cultural values and meanings that serve to link a person to society and the world
  - - - Hittite Empire
- - - - Theogony (epic)
        
        (1-94 Invocation to the Muses)
        
        importance of arts compared to everyday works
        
        blessed by the gods to tell the story
        
        (116-136) First Catalogue: Descendants of Chaos and Gaia
        
        Chaos
        
        Gaia
        
        Uranus
        
        Gaia + Uranus
        
        3 more items...
        
        Gaia + Uranus genitals Blood
        
        4 more items...
        
        Mountains
        
        Pontus (Sea)
        
        Tartaus
        
        Eros
        
        Erbos
        
        Night
        
        Night+ Erbos
        
        Air
        
        Day
        
        Dramatic Tale 1: Kronos defeats Uranus
        
        Catalogue 2: Birth
        
        Night
        
        Heserides
        
        The Moirai
        
        Eris (Strife)
        
        Catalogue 3: Sea Gods and Goddesses gave Birth
        
        Gaia+Pontus
        
        Nereus
        
        Thaumaus
        
        Phorcys
        
        +Doris
        
        50 Nereids
        
        Cets
        
        Cets+Phorcys
        
        Sirens
        
        Sclla
        
        GOrgans
        
        Medusa
        
        other female monsters
        
        Oceanus+Tethys
        
        3000 Oceanids
        
        Rivers
        
        Hymn 2: to Herate
        
        Dramatic Tale 2: Zeus escapes Kronos
        
        Dramatic Tale 3: Zeus defeats Prometheos
        
        Dramatic Tale 4: Zeus defeats Kronos
        
        Catalogue 4: Places in the Universe
        
        Tartarus
        
        Night and Day
        
        Sleep and Death
        
        Stynx
        
        Dramatic Tale 5: Zeus defeats Typhoeus
        
        Catalogue 5: Zeus Marriages
        
        Matis
        
        Athena
        
        Themis (Divine Order)
        
        Justice
        
        Lawfulness
        
        Peace
        
        The Fates
        
        Eurynome
        
        Graces
        
        Demeter
        
        Persephone
        
        Mnemosyne
        
        9 Muses
        
        Leto
        
        Artemis
        
        Apollo
        
        Hera
        
        Hebe
        
        Ares
        
        Eileithyia
        
        Catalogue 6: Immortals and Mortals
        
        Zeus +Maia
        
        Hermes
        
        Zeus+Semele
        
        Dionysus
        
        Zeus+Alcmene
        
        Heracles
        
        Thetis+Peleus
        
        Achilles
        
        Circce and Calpso with Odysseus
        
        Aphrodite+Anchises
        
        Aeneas
        
        Jason and Medea
      - Works and Days
  - - - Proagoras
        
        humans as center of universe
      - Plato
        
        myth give incorrect views on the gods, wants to ban myths
  - - - 3 Spheres of Influence
        
        The Cosmic Sphere
        
        Attributions of thunder and lighting, or rain and storms more generally
        
        Association with sky, and in turn the mountains
        
        Sanctuaries on top of mountains
        
        Mount Lycaeus
        
        Rain rituals to help crops
        
        Some think this is where Zeus was born
        
        Greeks from other parts come her to worship. Lycaean games
        
        Mount Hymetteus
        
        The Human Sphere
        
        Justice
        
        Zeus brings order and justice
        
        Zeus Meilichius "the mild one" in Athens
        
        DIpiction as beard man or a snake
        
        snake: connections of underworld and earth
        
        Diasia Festival in Athens
        
        greatest festival for Zeus, thanks for food and weather
        
        connection to justice
        
        Zeus Wide-seeing
        
        helps mortal with rain
        
        helps mortals overseeing moral behavior of individuals in a community
        
        Zeus Xenius
        
        Guardian of hospitality
        
        Zeus Horkius
        
        guardian of oaths
        
        Zeus Philius
        
        guardian of friendship
        
        Zeus Polius
        
        guardian of city
        
        The Divine Sphere
        
        Kingship
        
        Power over other gods
        
        lead by example
        
        Sarpedon
        
        can punish gods
        
        must maintain power over them
        
        Obligation to other gods
        
        ignore human prayers
        
        cruel and uncaring
      - Violence and Grace
        
        suffering cause by Zeus, only way of leraning
        
        cannot escape Zeus' will
        
        Women
        
        Europa
        
        Ganymede
        
        Danae
        
        Leda
    - - Children
        
        With Zeus
        
        Ares
        
        Hebe
        
        Eileithuia
        
        Herself
        
        Hepaestus
        
        Contrast to Athena's birth by Zeus
      - Anger over Zeus infidelity
      - God of child birth and Marriage
        
        Protects women and children
      - Argos
        
        Temple
        
        Hecatombia
        
        every year
        
        sacrifice 100 cattle
        
        Athletic compeitions
        
        new garment for Hera
        
        lighting of fire
        
        Protects Argos and heroes
      - Name
        
        Heros (Greek for heroes)
        
        Horae (season)
        
        iconography: sceptre and pomegranate
      - Samos temple
        
        rituals connected with fertility and natural world
        
        visitors from all over the near east
      - Tonaia Ritual
        
        BInding ritual
        
        statue cleaned and then bound to a tree and offered treats
        
        Pirate Myth
        
        pirate try to steal Hera, Hera caused statue to be too heavy so pirate cant steal it
        
        binding represents the statue cant leave the location
    - - Zeus+Demeter
        
        Persephone
      - Titles
        
        Chloe, Green Shoots
        
        Horaphorus, Bringer of Seasons
      - Agricultural rituals
        
        Planting Season Ritual
        
        Proerosia, "Before plowing"
        
        Ritual plowing of the fields before the actual plowing of the fields
        
        sacrifices to Demeter, Persephone, Zeus, Daeira
        
        Haloa (Fields) Festival
        
        Women only ritual
        
        for the safety of planted seeds and crops of the year
        
        bake pasteries, wine, obscene jokes, display of food
        
        Thesmophoria, "bringer of law"
        
        Fertility ritual, before sowing (similar to Haloa festival)
        
        women only
        
        passing down knowledge
        
        3 Days
        
        1st Day: Anodos (Ascent)
        
        Women walk to place of worship
        
        2nd Day: Nestia (Fast)
        
        no public business or sacrifices
        
        Digging up items
        
        3rd Day: Calligenia (Beautiful Births)
        
        Dont have too much information
        
        stuff dug up and offered to Demeter and Persephone
        
        The Eleusinian Mysteries
        
        Festival in September
        
        based on Homeric Hymn for Demeter
        
        voluntary
        
        contains and initiation, knowledge
        
        Telesterion (initiation hall)
      - Comparisons
        
        Mesopotamia-> Sumerian mother goddess (Similar to Homeric Hymn to Demeter)
        
        Descent of Inanna and Descent of Ishtar
        
        Inanna
        
        war
        
        fertility
        
        beauty
        
        sexuality
        
        Dumuzi (Inanna's Lover)
        
        divine being associated with the seasons, sent to the underworld
        
        In Desert by the Early Grass
        
        Mesopotamiam myth (similar to Homeric Hymn)
        
        Dutter (Mother) tries to rescue son Dumuzi
        
        mother's grief
    - - unlike Olympians
        
        Lives in underworld
        
        association with death
      - Hateful Hades
        
        name due to general fear of death
        
        receives the dead that are faithed to die
        
        Receiver of many
      - Underworld
        
        Association with caves, entrances to the underworld
        
        under the earth, most greeks
        
        location is unknown, and vague
        
        Rivers
        
        rivers of Syx
        
        river of forgetfulness
        
        Charon and Cerberus
        
        Tartarus
        
        Elysian Plain
        
        Souls of the dead
        
        as they were in life, typically
        
        doing usual activities, no sense of pleasure
        
        myth of reward or punishment
        
        deeds in life affect afterlife
        
        Funerary rituals
        
        helps souls reach the underworld
        
        Three stages
        
        Prothesis
        
        laying out the corpse and cleaning it
        
        Ekphora
        
        funeral procession
        
        visiting grave after burial
      - Lack of worship
        
        no temples
        
        general ideas of death, everyone is faithed to die
      - Pluton "of wealth"
        
        sends minerals to soil, association with cornucopia
    - - Birth
        
        Homer
        
        daughter of Zeus and Dione
        
        physical satisfaction
        
        Hesiod
        
        Spirtial, more intelligent
      - Aphrodite "Philomeedes"
        
        Medes, "genitals"; philo, "loving"
        
        could be alternate laughter loving
        
        sexual desire unrestrained by social considerations
        
        Marriage and Love
        
        prayers by brides before wedding
        
        Companions
        
        Harmonia (Harmony)
        
        Peitho (persuasion/Agreeable Comparison)
        
        Eros
        
        Pothos(Longing)
        
        Himeros (desire)
      - The Adonia (named after Aphrodite love)
        
        Laughter: goddess taken with mortal Adonis
        
        grief at Adonis death
        
        Women only festival
        
        private, not state funded
        
        containers of plants on rooftops
        
        represents male sex drive, dying of plants
      - Civic Harmony
        
        Passion causes strife
        
        Aphrodite and Peitho
        
        PErsuasian and Agreeable Compulsion
        
        governance of cities
        
        Pandemus (of all people)
        
        Aphrodite as the unifer
      - Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite
        
        Cant affect 3 virgin goddesses
        
        Zeus makes her fall in love with Anchises
    - - Husband of Aphrodite
      - Lame God
        
        Cyllopodium, "of dragging feet"
      - Birth
        
        Hesiod
        
        Hera births him alone
        
        Homer
        
        Zeus and Hera
      - God of Metallurgy
        
        Fire and volcanoes
        
        manfucaturing and tech
        
        Athenes, Hephaesteion
        
        similar to egyptian Ptah, Italian Anranos (volcanos)
    - - Affair with Aphrodite
        
        consequences of passion
        
        Children
        
        Deimus (Terror)
        
        Phobus (fear)
        
        Harmonia (Harmony)
        
        Eros
      - Aggressive and destructive, lack of intelligence
        
        hated among the gods
        
        Deinus (Fearsome)
        
        Apdreiphontes (manslaying)
      - no real worship
        
        oath by soilders
        
        not many myths
        
        Areopagus at Athens
        
        rock of Ares
        
        trial for Homicide
      - lack of control
    - - Birth
        
        Hesiod
        
        Zeus swallows Metis, Athena bursts from his head
        
        special connection with Zeus
        
        Connection to the male sphere
        
        Other Versions
        
        daughter of Poseidon
        
        Blue eyes
      - Glaucopis, "Shining eyed", "grey eyed"
        
        indicates wisdom
      - Intelligence
        
        Practical intelligence, strategy, rational
        
        Craftsmen
        
        warfare and craft/metallurgy
        
        Sparta: Chalcioecus/Chalkioikos, "Goddess of the bronze house
        
        Worshiped along with Hephaestus in Athens
        
        Wood work and Carpenters
        
        weaving
      - Warfare and City Life
        
        Skills in battle
        
        Contrast to Ares
        
        Control of Agression
        
        planning
        
        helps favorites
        
        Organization of soilders
        
        City Life
        
        Caution and planning
        
        political assemblies
      - Favorite Heroes
        
        Hercules
        
        Odysseus
        
        Perseus and Medusa
        
        Places Medusa head on shield
        
        Flute sound of medusa ding
        
        bridle used for Pegasus
      - Homeric Hymn
        
        guardian of city
        
        saves people going to war
        
        pure virgin
        
        Zeus gives her Aegis (shield)
      - Fight for Athens vs Poseidon
      - Athens
        
        Most important place for worship
        
        3 Statues
        
        Athena Polias, "City Protector"
        
        Athena Parthenus, "madien"
        
        40ft statue, mde of gold and ivory
        
        Athena Promachus, "front fighter", holding spear, guarding Acropolis entrance
        
        Panathenaea (Festival for Athena)
        
        Date
        
        Either her birthday
        
        when she helped defeat the giants
        
        Mostly Athena Polias
        
        generally open to all of the city
        
        Greater Panathenaea (4 years)
        
        massive peplos, probably hung in Parthenon (40ft statue) (could of involved men)
        
        Lesser Panathenaea (1 year)
        
        start weaving 9 months before festival
        
        honor Athena Polias
        
        Ergane, (worker), women who are weaving
        
        Plynteria, ritual cleansing
        
        Creation of Athens
        
        Poseidon or Hephaestus tries to rape Athena
        
        Sperm hits athena's leg and lands on the ground
        
        Erichthonius born, starts Panathenaea festival
        
        Cecrops, half human half snake, fights for Athens, claims Athens
        
        Autochothonous
        
        born from the earth
      - Comparisons
        
        Neith
        
        goddess of hunting, weaving, wisdom, patronage
        
        protects lower Egypt and king
    - - Relm of the seas
      - has children with nymphs
        
        Pelias
        
        Theseus
        
        Giants
      - Initially a sky god, sources vary
      - Brutal aspects of the sea
      - Horses
        
        Hippius "of horses"
        
        Pegasus
        
        horses scarified to him
        
        waves imagined to look like horses
      - Ennosigaeus, "Earth shaker"
      - Homeric Hymn
        
        mover of earth and sea
        
        be kind to people who voyage
    - - Birth
        
        Zeus and Maia
        
        known as the slayer of Argus
        
        Depictions
        
        human male
        
        Bearded man
        
        beardless youth
        
        statue
      - Hills of Hermes (Hermes)
        
        early times in existence, mentioned in the Odyssey
        
        piles of rock left on side of the road (at first)
        
        sign asking for protection on travels
        
        Patron of travelers
        
        friendly to mankind
        
        represents commerce and peace
        
        represents social interactions
        
        Ithyphallic: Ithus (straight), Phallos "Phallus"
        
        Head an Phallus
        
        Fertility
        
        only for goats sheep and swine
        
        Charidotes "luck bringer
        
        can make person material rich
        
        Protection
        
        Phallas as apotropaic (ward of evil)
        
        Epimelius guardian of flock
        
        Shepards pray to him, for protection of flock
        
        also protects people
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hermes mutilation in Athens, 415 BCE
        
        Protest, cut of penis of the Hermes
        
        Athens not protecting the people
      - Messenger God
        
        Iconography
        
        traveler's hat
        
        winged sandels
        
        caduceus "wand"
        
        Enodius(of the road) :
      - Connections to the Underworld
        
        Hermes also used as grave markers
        
        Leads souls to underworld
        
        associated with curse tablets, chthonic (underworld) aspect
        
        Role in Antheteria
        
        Opening of caskets of wine, also represents opening of underworld.
        
        Hermes' role is to close up underworld back again, and round up the souls
        
        Hermes Psychpomp: guide of the souls
      - Adolescent Hermes
        
        Representation of the transition of a phase of life (from adolescent to manhood)
        
        Hermes found between properties
        
        contests to mark transition
        
        Agonius "of contests"
        
        Males on the brink of transition
        
        Cattle raiding
        
        indicating trickery and stealth
      - Homeric Hymn (4) to Hermes (700 BCE)
        
        Hermes invents lyre
        
        Hermes theft of Apollo's cattle
        
        Hermes gives Apollo lyre
        
        Hermes creates cattle
      - Hesiod Works and Days
        
        Hermes gives Pandora shameless mind and deceitful nature
        
        Lies and craft words
      - Children of Hermes
        
        Hermaphroditus (half women half man)
        
        Son of Hermes and Aphrodite
        
        Ovids Metamorphoses: merges with nymph, Salamacis
        
        Pan
        
        Hermes and nymph, Penelopeia
        
        association with music
        
        half goat half man
        
        protector
        
        Priapus
        
        Most sources: Dionysus and Aphrodite
        
        Some sorces: Hermes and Aphrodite
        
        fertility god
        
        protector of life stock
      - Theory
        
        Myths structured in terms on archetypes
        
        Archetype idea, first linked to Carl Jung
        
        Archetypes generatred by collective unconscious
        
        trickster archetype
        
        Challenges to Carl Jung idea of collective unconscious
        
        Scholars focus on traits of archetypes
        
        William Hynes and William Doty
        
        Traits of a trickster god
        
        mockery of religious, social, political laws or institutions
        
        disrupt situations, sometimes for benfit, sometimes to deteriment
        
        have ability to change form
        
        exhibit creativity and boundless energy
        
        often cultural heroes to humans
      - Comparison
        
        Identified with Egyptian God Thoth
        
        tricksters
        
        some ties to underworld
        
        Herodotus also makes connection
    - - Birth
        
        Kronus and Rhea
        
        Hestia "hearth"
      - Olympian
        
        almost no temples, no rituals, shrines
        
        worshipped through fire
        
        Honored all the time
        
        every sacrifices and every time fire is lit
        
        Goddess of Hearth and Fire
      - Virgin Goddess
      - Homeric Hymn to Hestia
        
        Honored by everyone
        
        highest honor
        
        Hermes represents opposite of Hestia
      - Amphidromia (Ampi"around" and dromia "running"
        
        Includes other gods
        
        happens two weeks after a child is born
        
        Hearth is involved, therefore Hestia
        
        Father runs around Hearth 3 times to his if the child is his
        
        if fire remained child is the fathers kid
        
        if fire went out wife was unfaithful
        
        involves a feast
      - Vesta
        
        Presitesses are Vestial virgins
        
        supposed to keep fire going
        
        if fire goes out
        
        threatens state
        
        Vestial virgins are blamed, becase one of em slept with someone
        
        was punished
    - - The Birth
        
        Zeus and Leto
        
        Artemis first born, help deliver Apollo
        
        Born on Mt. Cynthus on Delos
        
        One of Apollo's most important sanctuaries
        
        Leto and Hera
        
        Hera purses Leto until Asia Minor
        
        Leto asks for water to the locals, they refused her so they turned her into frogs
      - Cult title: Cynthia
      - Virgin Goddess
        
        Represents life cycle of a young women
        
        Protection of young women and in child birth
        
        Actaeon sees Artemis bathing, she gets dogs to tear him apart
        
        Callisto (Devotee to Artemis) and Arcas
        
        Zeus has sex with Callisto, Artemis turns them into Bears
        
        Orion tries to rape Artemis, as punishment turned into stars
      - Depiction as ageless youth
      - Association with nature and in the wilds
      - Goddess of wilderness and animals
        
        Homer
        
        Potnia Theron, "mistress of animals"
        
        Agrotera, "of the wilds"
        
        hunting weapons, protector but also huntress
      - Goddess of childbirth
        
        Lochia, "Protector of women in labor
        
        Explains dangers of childbirth
        
        causes pain in labor
      - Homeric Hymn (9) to Artemis
        
        sister of far shooter
        
        water horses
        
        golden chariot
      - Niobe
        
        Queen of Thebes
        
        boasts she is better than Leto
        
        Because she had 7 sons and 7 daughters
        
        Apollo and Artemis kills all of her children while mother watches
        
        Niobe turned into stone
      - The Brauonia or Arcteia
        
        Festival, Brauron, east of Athens
        
        every four years
        
        Temples
        
        "playing with bears" for Artemis
        
        Arcteia, arktos=bear
        
        Girls playing with bear, bear scratches the girl, brother killed the bear, Artemis sends a plague
        
        way to appease, all Athenians females supposed to play a bear
        
        Votive statues and vase painting
        
        Indicate girls 5-16 years playing
        
        Small temple to Iphigenia (daughter of Agamemnon)
      - Artemis Orthia, "upright"
        
        At Sparta
        
        Only for boys
        
        Killing the adolescent part of themselves
        
        Whipping
        
        Supposed to laugh when they are being whipped
        
        Masks
        
        Dressed like helots (slaves to Sparta who do farm work)
        
        Shows superiority over slaves
    - - Violence vs. Cultural arts
      - God of music, poetry, the arts
        
        Homeric Hymn to Hermes
        
        Hermes gives lyre to Apollo
        
        other myths: Apollos invents the lyre
        
        Son Hymenaeus, "wedding song"
        
        Orpheus, possible his son
        
        Musagetes, "leader of muses
        
        Musical contestant
        
        Apollo vs Pan, King Midus liked Pans preformance, so Apollo turned Midus' ears into donkey ears
        
        Contest with a styre who brags, Apollos wins and then kills him
      - God of healing
        
        Can send plagues
        
        can cure illnesses
        
        Son of Apollo: Asclepius (Apollo teaches him medicine)
        
        Taught by Chiron
        
        Epidaurus temple, offering made if you wish to be healed
        
        also a theater
      - God of Oracle and Prophecy
        
        Access to Zeus' thoughts
        
        prophetic powers
        
        providing Zeus' counsel
        
        Sanctuaries
        
        Delphi, Greece- The Pythia, pytho/the pytho
        
        Panhellic (all Greek) sanctuary
        
        Didyma, Asia minor
        
        Layrel Branch
        
        Daphne
        
        Apollos purses her, but Daphne doesnt accept his advances
        
        Daphne asked escape from Apollo, so she was turned into a layrel branch
      - The Hyacinthia
        
        Initiation of boys
        
        3 day long festival
        
        Sparta
        
        Apollo as a young man represents a transition
        
        Hyacinthus
        
        Accidentally killed while playing discus with Apollo
        
        Hyacinth flower, because Apollo was sad
      - Homeric Hymn (3) to Apollo (700BCE)
        
        To Delian Apollo (Apollo from Delios)
        
        Leto wanders trying to find place for birth
        
        Leto asks to be welcomed to Delos, and Delos welcomes her
        
        Hera causes 9 Days labor
        
        to Pythian Apollo (Apollo who killed Python)
        
        Apollo kills Pytho
        
        Creates a temple
        
        instructions on who to worship him
    - - Birth
        
        Traditional account
        
        Zeus and Semele
        
        swone into Zeus' thigh- Twice born
        
        Other Account
        
        Dismemberment, ripped apart as a child because of Hera
        
        reborn by Zeus
      - Newer Generation god
        
        considered a foreigner
        
        Asociation with outsiders, the East
        
        acceptance of people that are not socially accepted
        
        represented with long hair and beard,
      - Ties to agriculture and fertility
        
        god of vegetation, esp. grapes
        
        fertility of land and humans
        
        wine
        
        male fertility
        
        Thyrsus
        
        staff with ivy leaves, sometimes ribbons and leaves
        
        topped with pinecone
      - Homeric Hymn (1) to Dionysus
        
        honor of Semele
        
        inspier of frenzied woman
      - Homeric Hymn (26) to Dionysus
        
        loud crying god
        
        ivy crowned
  - - - Prometheus Bound
        
        Depiction of Zeus as the destroyer of humanity, and Prometheus as his savior
        
        Comparisons
        
        Flood stories from Levant
        
        floods signs of divine displeasure or favour
        
        Epic of Gilgamesh
        
        story of humanity being saved from a flood by Utnapishtim, who was told to build a boat
        
        Genesis
        
        Noah's Ark
        
        god wanted to destroy earth because he was displeased