Genes and The Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development
Developement
differential activation of gene
turns on cell
deoxyribonucleic acid
information sequence for proteins
genes
codes amino acid
1 gene/ protein
monomer nucleotide
A, T, G
synthesize proteins
DNA sequence analysis
isolate DNA
extremely rapid
recombinant DNA techniques
alter DNA squences
genetic engineering
Storing Genetic Information
Protecting The Genes
messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries information
nuclear envelope
surrounds DNA
protects from cytoplasm
Histone
special proteins
H1, H2A, H2B
all organism w/ nuclei
any change results in death
nucleosome
DNA wraps
formed aggragates
chromatin
dense protein strucure
H! binds
DNAases
DNA figesting enzyme
histone not changed
the genetic code
codons
64 possible
pairs of 3
triplets
make amino acids
STOP codon
UGA, UAA, UAG
signals stop
protein synthesis
START codon
AUG
signals start
protein synthesis
degenerate
genetic code
the structure of genes
structural region
codes for sequence
promoter
regulate mRNA synthesis
5' side
upstream
TATA box
short sequences
A and T rich
damaged
RNA polymerase II
RNA synthsize enzyme
enhancer element
promoter region
binding alter metabolism
exions
expressed
introns
not expressed
interupting
transcription of genes
transcription
cerates RNA
DNA strands separate
C to G
A to T
U to G
2 hydrogen bonds
hairpin loop
RNA binds self
affects RNA polymerase
hnRNA
transcribes
exons
spliced together
codes amino acids
introns
recognizes degraded ribosomes
large molecule
poly (A) tail
adenosines attach 3'
~200 bases long
mRNA
protein synthesis
ribosomes bind mRNA
follow instructions
"read" codona
ribosomes
small proteins
"read" genetic code
2 subunits
large subunit
small subunit
made of rRNA
proteins
eukaryotes
80s
plastids, mitochondria, prokaryotes
70s
tRNA
transfer RNA
ribonucleic acids
carry amino acids
anticodon
read genetic code
3' nucleotde sequences
hydrogen binds codon
no STOP codon
amino acids attachment site
3', CCA
special enzyme attaches correct acid
amino acid activation
precise
if wrong
erroneous structure
mRNA translation
intiation of translation
translation
synthesis of ribosomes
intiation
complex
START codon
AUG
protein synthesis
eukaryotic initiation factors
binds ribosome
frameshift
read nucleotides wrong
completely useless protein
elongation of protein chain
P chanel
already has tRNA
A chanel
empty
Termination of Translation
STOP codon
A chanel
release factor
large subunit
no tRNA present
enzymes
normal reaction
Control of Protein Levels
theories
gene physically available
transcription
promoter gene mature
processing hnRNA
mRNA
transport mRNA
ribosome small subunit
rate of translation
process protein
activation/ initiation of protein
Analysis of Genes and Recombinant DNA Techniques
transcription factors
control gene activity
proteins that bind
promoter
enhancer
activate genes
trans-acting factors
somethwere else
cis-acting factors
part of gene
micro-RNAs
gene expression control
smart RNA molecules
many known
nuclein acid hybridization
DNA melting
heat
break down oxygen bonds
DNA denaturation
DNA hybridization
cooling DNA
reformation of DNA
restriciton endonucleases #
bacterial enzymes
cleaves DNA
palindromes
sequences recognized
non optional directions
Identifying DNA fragments
evolutionary studies
restriction map
visible staining
plastids DNA
restriction fragment length polymorphism
species differ
physiological studies
reverse transcriptase #
viruse enzyme
synthesize DNA w/ RNA
complementary DNA
compliments exons of genes
synthesizes wuth fluorescent nucleotides
expression profile
cDNAs
examine gene expression
development
DNA microaray
microscopic dots
DNA
DNA cloning
DNA fragments in bacteria
endonucleasis
plasmids
short, circular piece
bacteria chromosme
can move about
vectors
carriers
DNA
Yeast Artificial chromosomes
substitutes
DNA sequencing
chain termination method
clones
divided into four
pyrosequencing method
DNA in solution
with enzymes
for replication
sequencing entire genomes
organelles extracted
DNA isolated
cut to fragments
sequenced
Genetically engineering plants
Viruses
structure
retrovirsuses
single strand RNA
reverse transcriptase
split genome virus
two different particles
need host
metabolism
bacteriophages
attack bacteria
new virus
self-assembly
viral portein coat
binds DNA
attract new protein
plant diseases
mineral deficiency
