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Chapter 16: Genetics (Monohybrid Crosses (Complete Dominance image…
Chapter 16: Genetics
Monohybrid Crosses
Complete Dominance
recessive
loses to dominant
dominant
2 effective alleles
Test Crosses
pure-bred lines
homozygous recessives
Heterozygote crosses with themselves
selfing
asexual reproduction
punnett square
types of gametes are arranged on square
Multiple Alleles
gene in many forms
Incomplete Dominance
#
parental generation
F1
F2
homozygous
#
2 identical alleles
Replication of DNA
primer RNA
10 nucleotides long
DNA polymerase
DNA-synthesizing enzyme
replicon
DNA double helix
space in region called "bubble"
semiconservative replication
DNA making the complimentary strand
Mutations
Somatic Mutations
in cells that never lead to sex cells
DNA Repair Processes
can't be too efficient or inefficient
Effects of Mutations
position
extent
nature
Causes of Mutations
transposon
insertion sequence
longer and carries genes
mutagen
causes mutations
Other Aspects of Inheritance
Lethal Alleles
difficult to detect
lethal
presence can kill allele
Multiple Sets of Chromosomes and Gene Families
paralogs
homologous genes
arose through gene application
gene family
nucleus may have up to 600 genes
nondisjunction
chromosome number change per nucleus
polyploidy
more than 2 types of chromosomes
Maternal Inheritance
maternal inheritance
zygote
all plastids and mitochondrion genomes
pollen parent
a male parent
variegation
plastid inheritance
biparental inheritance
alleles transmitted equally
Dihybrid Crosses
Linkage
recombinant chromosomes
cross-over rate determined by distance of genes
map unit
each 1 percent "space"
Crossing-over
Further apart genes
higher probability of crossing over
Independent Assortment
2 genes on separate chromosomes
Multiple Genes for One Character
Epistasis
multiple genes for each trait
Quantitative trait loci
extremely complex crosses
fraction of phenotype
associated with a particular gene
Pleiotropic
#
one mutation
multiple phenotype effects