Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism (messenger RNA (mRNA)…
-
- a cell differentiates and develops a unique suite of proteins.
- is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
- is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution.
- Recombinant DNA and genetic techniques. Recombinant DNA (or rDNA) is made by combining DNA from two or more sources.
- the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
- is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
- a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.
- the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.
- A deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, thus degrading DNA.
-
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
- The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.
- is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins.
of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA (towards the 3' region of the anti-sense strand).
-
a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
A hairpin loop is an unpaired loop of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is created when an mRNA strand folds and forms base pairs with another section of the same strand.
- stands for heterogeneous nuclear RNA. As its name suggests, hnRNA is a term that encompasses various types and sizes of RNAs found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus.
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA. The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases.
is a complex process that begins with adequate supplies of amino acids to charge the transfer RNA molecules that deliver them to the protein synthetic apparatus.
comprise a complex macromolecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis.
- the RNA component of the ribosome, which is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. rRNA is the predominant RNA in most cells, composing around 80% of cellular RNA.
while eukaryotes contain larger 80S ribosomes in their cytosol. The 70S ribosome is made up of a 50S and 30S subunits. The 50S subunit contains the 23S and 5S rRNA while the 30S subunit contains the 16S rRNA.
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
The template-recognition site is called a anticodon and contains a sequence of three bases that are complementary to the codon on the mRNA.
-
is decoded in the ribosome decoding center to produce a specific polypeptide chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell.
is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.
is an herbicide. It is applied to the leaves of plants to kill both broadleaf plants and grasses. The sodium salt form of glyphosate is used to regulate plant growth and ripen specific crops.
-
A technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are allowed to interact so that complexes called hybrids are formed by molecules with similar, complementary sequences.
The temperature at which the DNA strands are half denatured, meaning half double-stranded, half single-stranded, is called the melting
The process of breaking double-stranded DNA into single strands is known as DNA denaturation, or DNA denaturing.
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
-
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment.
is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
-
A retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. Such viruses are either single stranded RNA or double stranded DNA viruses.
Viral genomes are circular, as in the polyomaviruses, or linear, as in the adenoviruses. The type of nucleic acid is irrelevant to the shape of the genome. Among RNA viruses and certain DNA viruses, the genome is often divided up into separate parts, in which case it is called segmented.
-
